JATIVA. 150 JAUREGUI Y AGUILAR. tiva was a flourishing town in Roman and !Moor- ish times, ami famous for its linens. It is the birthphice of Koderigo Borgia (Pope Alexander VI.). Population, in 1887, 14,099; in 1900, 12,602. JATS, jilts. A people of the Punjab, number- ing some 5,000,000, representing the population subjected in tlie I'ourtli and fifth centuries by the Rajputs, highuaste Hindus. They are now agri- culturists and cattle-breeders. Some authorities consider them to possess a large strain of Mon- golian blood. JAUCOTJRT, zho'kTior', Arnail Frax^ois de (ITST-lSu-i). A French politician born in Paris, of a Protestant family. He played sonic part in the early days of the Revohitidu, narrowly es- caped the massacres of Septcniln'r, and was obliged to leave France. After his final return he was elected to the Tribunate (1799), became its president (1802). and in 1803 was elected to the Senate. After the departure of ilaria I^ouisa. .Jaucourt became a member of the Pro- visional Government, and at the first Restoration was made a peer, and, while Talleyrand was at Vienna, held the Foreign portfolio. ¥oT a short time after the Hundred Days, .Taucourt was Slin- ister of JMarine. and then became Privy Cbim- cilor. He voted for Louis Napoleon in 18.t1, and approved the Coup d'Etat. He was descended from Duplessis Mornay, and took much interest in the welfare of Protestant France. JAUER, you'er. An old town in the Prussian Province of Silesia, on the Xeisse, 38 miles west of Breslau (Map: Prussia, G 3). It has ancient churches, the palace of the former princes of Jauer, and a gymnasium. The chief manufac- tures of the town are machinery, leather, carpets, cigars, wagons, and gloves, .lauer has a largo trade in grain, and a reputation for sausages. It was the capital of the Principality of Jauer, which was founded in 1314 and annexed at first to Bohemia (1392), and later to Prussia. Popu- lation, in 1890, 11,570; in 1900, 13.024, mostly Catholics. JAUNDICE (.MK. jaundi/s, jaiities, from OF. jaunisse, jaiilnissi', Fr. jaunissc, yellowness, from OF. jaune, jaulnc, yellow, from Lat. galbinus, from (jalbus, yellow) . or Icterus. The yellow color of the skin, conjunctiva, etc., arising from the presence in the blood and tissues of the color- ing matter of the bile. .Jaundice is a symptom of disease, not a disease itself. The fa>ces. from the absence of bile, are of a clay color or light gray tint; the urine is deep saflfron color, and all the other secretions are tinted with bile. The tis- sues are also stained, as shown at autopsies, the cut surface of the kidneys being especially yellow. The coloring matter of the bile comes from the h.Tmogloldii of the blood, which is transformed into bilirubin. The transformation takes place in the hepatic cells. Icterus is due to one of two causes: (1) Mechanical obstruction of the flow of bile into the duodenum (see Liver. Di.sea.ses of), or stasis icterus: and (21 functional alteration of the he- patic cell, resulting in the production of pig- mentary polycholia. Stasis icterus results from pressure on the gall-duct o^ common bile-duct. of a tumor or new growth, such as cancer of stomach, of duodenum, of liver, or of pancreas; or fipces in the intestine ; or blocking of the gall-duct by a gall-stone, or blocking of the com- mon bile-duct bj- swelling of the mucous lining and an accumulation of mucus, A gall-stone or biliary calculus (see Calculus) causes exquisite pain when lodged in or passing through the gall- duct. After tiie endobiliari' tension has reached a certain limit, the lymphatics begin to absorb the bile, and carry it to the thoracic duct, which in turn empties it into the veins. The rcabsorp- tion of the bile depends on the bile pressure's being relatively greater than the blood pressure in the portal vein. Jaundice therefore occurs in the new-born babe, in some eases, because ligature of the umbilical cord prevents the blood from flowing from the umbilical to the portal vein. The jaundice of fasting is accounted for by the diminution of pressure in the portal sys- tem, owing to insuliicient intestinal absorption. Functional alteration of the hepatic cell occurs in phosphorus poisoning, and in grave infective conditions, such as j-elUnv fever. In yellow fever there is enormous destruction of the red cells of the blood, but there is also altered biliary function of the liver-cells, with a consequent in- spissation of the bile. Semmola and Gioffredi classify icterus, according to clinical types, into primary or secondary forms, as follows, without regard to our pathological knowledge of the sub- ject: II. Cat.irrhal (acute or chronic). 2. Febrile. 3, (Irave (acute yellow atrophy). 4, I'^niotional. 5. Uf the new-born. Secondary li To infections. 2. To hep.'itic disease. 3. To intrin^^ic or extrinsic stenosis of the bile-<lucts. During the existence of jaundice changes in the diet should be made, fats being avoided and con- stipation relieved. Mercurj', chloride of ammo- nium, phosphate of sodium, and hyposulphites are useful drugs. JATJNPTJR, joun-puor'. The administrative town of a district of the same name in the United Provinces of Agra. British India (Map: India, D 3). It is on the river Gumti, 42 miles from Benares, 147 miles from Lucknow by rail. It has manufactures of perfumes and a considerable trade, but its chief interest is archreological. It was anciently the capital of a Mohammedan king- dom. Sultan Feroz III., of Dellii. having ordered a Hindu temple to be demolished, erected in 1370, around its ruins, a fort of solid stone. He sent numerous artificers and others to inhabit the new city, which was completed in twelve years. Its architectural features include several mosques, tombs, the fort, and a fine bridge of the sixteenth centun'. Population, in 1891, 42,819; in 1901, 42.771." JAUNTING-CAR, or Jauxttcar. A two- wheeled carriage, very common in Ireland. The seats are extended back to hack over low wheels, the passengers riding sidewise. JAUREGUI Y AGUILAR, na-oo'ra-ge 6 a'gS- liir', JuAX DE (C.1570-C.1G49). A Spanish poet, born at Seville. He seems to have begun his ca- reer as a painter, and to have gone to Rome to study art. Some have identified him with the Ji'iuregui who painted a picture of Cervantes, and whom the latter tnentions in the prologue to his ypTPlas. While in Italy he studied Italian lit- erature, and by the publication at Rome, in 1607, of his verse translation of Tasso's Aminta, he
