JAY. 158 JAYHAWKER. share, on the American side, in the delicate iiogotiation-i which resulted in the signing of the treaty of 1783. Jay ruluriied to New York in 1784. refusing appointments both to the Eng- lish and the French courts, and from that time to 1781) was Secretary for Foreign AtTairs under the Confederation. He strongly approved of the Federal Constitution drawn up by the Philadel- phia Convention of 17S7, and cooperated with -Mcxander Hamilton to secure its ratification by Xew York, writing sonic of the pa])ers known collectivelv a.s the Fcdiralist (q.v. ), and taking an active part in the debates in the State Convention at Poughkeepsie. Upon the organiza- tion of the Federal Government .Tay was allowed by Washington his choice of all the public offices to be filled by the President's appointment, ami chose that of Chief .Justice of the Supreme Court, which position he filled with marked dignity and ability until 1795. In 1704 he was sent to" Eng- land to negotiate with regard to various matters then in dispute between the two countries, and concluded with Lord Grenville what is known in American history as the .Jay Treaty (q.v.). From 1795 to 1801, for two terms, he was Gov- ernor of the State of Xew Y'ork. and thereafter, refusing an appointment to his old position as Chief .Justice, he lived in retirement on his estates at Bedford in Westchester County, X. Y.. until his death, on May 17. 1829. Politically. .Jay was ranked with Hamilton as one of the ablest and most influential leaders of the Federalist Party. Consult: 11. P. Johnston (ed.). Correspondence and I'uhlic Papers of John Jaif (4 vols., New York. 1890-93) ; William Jay. Life of John Jay, with Selections from His Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers (2 vols.. Xew Y'ork, 1833) ; Pellow. John Jaij (Boston, 1890), in the "Ameri- can Statesmen Series:" and ^^^litelocke, Life and Times of John Jay (Xew Y'ork, 1887). JAY, JoHX (1817-94). An American lawyer and diplomat, son of William Jay (q.v.) and a grandson of Chief .Justice John Jay (q.v.). He was born in Xew Y'ork City, graduated at Colum- bia College in 183i), and was admitted to tiie bar three years later. He early became intensely in- terested in the anti-slavery movement, and while still in college (1834) was president of the New Y'ork Y'oimg ilen's Anti-Slavery Society. He was active in the Free-Soil Party movement, pre- sided at several of its conventions, and was once its candidate for Attorney-General of New York. In 1S54 he organized the scries of popular meetings in the Broadway Tabernacle, and the next year was prominently identified with the fojmding of the Republican Party. From 1869 to 1875 he was United States ifinister to Austria-Hungary. In 1877 he was appointed by President Hayes chair- man of the special commission to investig.ate Chester A. .rthur's administration of the New Y'ork Custom-Housc. In 1883 Gov. Grover Cleve- land appointed him the Republican member of the New Y'ork Civil-Ser-iee Commission, of which he later became nresident. He published many books and pamphlets on slavery and other ques- tions. JAY, Wn.i.iAM (1789-1858). An American reformer and jurist, the son of .John .Jay (1745- 1829). He was born in New Y'ork City, gradu- ated at Yale in 1808. and then studied law at Albany, though poor eyesight soon compelled him to give up the profession. He early hecame in- terested in various philanthropic enterprises and reforms, and identified himself especially with the temperance, anti-slavery, and anti-war move- ments. He was one of the founders (in ISl(i) of the American Bible Society, whieli he defended against the vigorous attacks of the High-Church Party: was judge of common pleas in New York from 1818 to 1820; and was first judge of West- chester County from 1820 to 1842, when he was removed on account of his anti-slavery views. An enthusiastic member of the American Anti- Slavery Society, whose constitution he drafted, he stood with Birney at the head of the conserva- tive Abolitionists, and by his calm, logical, and judicial writings exerted for many years a power- ful influence. From 1835 to 1837 he was the Society's corresponding foreign secretary. As a protagonist of the anti-war theories, he was also conspicuous, and was for many years presi- dent of the Peace Society. His most valuable publication was the Life and Writings of John Jay (1833), in whieli the part played by his father in the diplomacy of the Revolution was first adequately pointed out. JAYADEVA, ja'ya-da'va (c.1200 a.d.). A Hindu jioet. born at Kindubilva. Kenduli. His only extant Sanskrit work, a lyric drama called Gitagorinda, or Song of the Cowherd, treats of the love, estrangement, and reconciliation of Krishna and the milkmaid Radha. The poem, which is in twelve cantos of artistically varied metrical structure, v^as presumably based on Prakrit originals, and is notable for its vivid portrayal of the emotions. At a later time it was interpreted as a religious allegory. Lassen (Bonn, 1S3G) published the text, with Latin translation and notes, and native editions are numerous, as those by Vidyasagara (Calcutta, 1882), and bv Telang and Pansikar (Bombay, 1899). Sir William Jones (London. 1799) and Sir Edwin Arnold (The Indian Song of Songs, London, 1875) have translated the poem into English, the latter from the allegorical point of view. There is also a German version of part of the drama by Riickert (Gi'.ttingen. 1837). Jayadeva likewise wrote a poem in Hindi, which was published, with a translation by Trumpp, in the Sitziingsheriehte der hairischen Alcademie der ^Visscnschafl<:■n (Munich, 1879). JAY'HAWKER. A name applied in the Southern and Western States of the American Union to an irregular, lawless, freebooting soldier not enli-sted or in uniform — a guer- rilla or bushranger. The term originated in Kansas during the bloody strife between the slaverr and anti-slavery parties, and is said to have been first applied to a few isolated 'Free State' men in the southeastern part of the Territory, who organized a system of re- taliation against pro-slavery outrages, but who ultimately became robbers and assassins. The term appeared in a proclamation of (Jen. .James Lane in October, 1801. in which he de- clared that the people of Kansas were neither thieves, plunderers, nor jayhawkers. The term was also applied by General Sheridan during the Reconstruction period to certain lawless persons in Louisiana. Its origin is not certainlv known. According to one theory, it was first applied to Colonel .Tennison. of New Y'ork. who was known among his comrades as the 'Gay Yorker.' a phrase from which jayhawker was corrupted. A more
