JAYHAWKEK. 159 JEAMES. probable theory is that the term was derived from jay and hawk in allusion to the predatory nature of these birds. JAYME I. AXD II. Kings of Aragon. See James. JAY TBEATY. In American histoiy, the name applied to a treaty negotiated in 1794 by John Jay on the part of the United States and Lord Grenville on the part of Great Britain. The refusal of Great Britain to observe several of the obligations imposed by the definitive treaty of peace signed in Paris in 17S3. among them the compensation for negroes carried away by the retiring British army and the continuation of garrisons in the forts on the northwestern frontier, had produced a hostile feeling in Amer- ica that was increased by Great Britain's con- tinued insistence on the right of search and im- piessnient. and in the winter of 179.3-94 actually threatened war. On April 7. 1794, a proposal was made in Congress, in accordance with a recom- mendation for retaliatory legislation made by the Secretary of State, Jefferson, to prohibit all com- mercial intercourse with England after Xovem- ber 1, 1794, unless before that date the north- western forts should be evacuated, and pledges given of a cessation of search and impressment. Before this resolution passed, however, Washing- ton, who feared the result of such an enactment, intervened, and on April 16th sent to the Senate the nomination of Chief Justice .John Jay as a special ambassador to negotiate a treaty adjust- ing the difficulties. The nomination was imme- diately confirmed by a vote of 18 to 8, and the House non-intercourse resolution was defeated in the Senate by the casting vote of Vice-President Adams. .Jay reached London .June 1.5th, and on Xoveniber 19th signed with Lord Grenville a treaty of twenty-eight articles. The evacuation of the forts was the only one of the American claims definitely decided. Xothing whatever was .said about either the right of search or impress- ment, or the question of compensation for the negroes. Tlie settlement of the boundaries on the northeastern and northwestern frontiers was to be decided by a joint commission, as was the question of the collection of British debts. The last eighteen articles constituted a treaty of com- merce, by the provisions of which, with certain qualifications, trade was to be allowed with Great Britain and the East and West Indies. Further provisions related to the fitting out of privateers, defined contraband goods, and con- tained a renunciation of all American-European trade in West Indian products such as sugar, molasses, cocoa, and cotton. On .June 8, 1795, the treaty was laid before the Senate in executive session, and it was ratified .Tune 24th by a vote of 20 In 10. On July 2d. before the terms of the treaty had been officially made public, its text was published in the Aurora, the Anti-Federalist organ in Philadelphia. An outbreak of public wrath and denunciation followed such as has seldom occurred in the history of the Republic, .lay was burned in effigy- from Xew England to Georgia, and both he and Washington were de- clared to have been bought with British gold. Even Washington's impeachment was suggested, and the attacks were of such a character as to draw from him the protest that they were "so exaggerated and indecent as could scarcely be applied to a Xero, a defaulter, or even to a com- mon pickpocket," But the outbreak subsided al- most as quickly as it had begun, the defenses and explanations of the treaty in the press, particu- larly in the famous Caniillus letters of Hamilton and King, brought about a saner state of public opinion, and on April 30, 1796, the House, after debating the question for several months and lis- tening to the able speeches of Fisher Ames and others in its defense, resolved by a vote of 51 to 48 that the terms of the treaty ought to be car- ried into effect. Consult: Trescot, Diplomacy of the Adminis- trations of Washington and Adams (Boston, 1857) ; Jay, Life of John Jay (Xew York, 1S33) ; Pellew, John Jay (Boston, 1890), in the "Ameri- can Statesmen Series;" and an article by Alex- ander .Johnston in Lalor's Cyclopedia of Political Sicience (Chicago, 1881-84). For the text of the treaty consult Treaties and Conventions (Wash- ington, 1889). JAZYGES, jaz'i-jez (Lat., from Gk. 'lo^ryes)- One of the numerous tribes which by the ancients were comprehensively named Sarmatians. They originally occupied the shores of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. Later part of them moved westward and a detached body of them even settled as far west as the region between the Theiss and the Danube in the centre of modern Hungary. L'nder the Hungarian kings the in- habitants of a part of this region, who had a special military organization, came to be known as Jaszok (bowmen), and the district in which they lived received the name of Jaszsag, which was Latinized into Jazygia. These names have been perpetuated to our times, and at the present day a body of ^Magyars numbering about 70,000 still figure as .Jazygians. JEAFFKESON, jef'er-son, John Cobdt ( 1831- 1901). An English author. He was born .Janu- ary 14, 1831, at Framlingham. Suffolk, England, where his father was a surgeon. He began the study of medicine, but changing his intentions, he ^^•ent to Oxford and from there to Lincoln's Inn, where he was admitted to the bar in 1859. In 1854 he published his first novel. Cretre Rise, which was followed bv Live It Doirn, (1863), Xot Dead Yet (1864), A Woman in Spite of Her- self (1871), and several others. In 1858 ap- peared Xovels and Sovelists from Elizabeth to Victoria. But his most important works are his three books on the three learned professions, A Book Ahont Doctors (1860) : A Book Ahout Latryers (1866); A Book About the Clergy (1870). Other works are the Annals of Oxford (1871); Brides and Bridals, a history of mar- riage in England (1872) : The Real Lord B>iron (1883); The Real Shelky (1883); and Lady Hamilton and Lord Xelson (1887. revised in 1S97). He was also a frequent contributor to the Athenrrnm. Eraser's Mnria^ine. the Dublin Vniverxily Manazine, and to other periodicals as well as to the London daily press. He died Feb- ruary 2. 1901. JEALOUS WIFE, The. A comedy by George Colman the elder ( 1761 ) , The plot is said to have been jiartly taken from Fielding's Tom Jones, though Hazlitt remarks that the resem- blance is so slight as to be hardly noticeable. The play was extremely popular in its time, JEAMES. A pseudonym used by Thackeray in his Jrames's Diary, contributed to Punch.
