JELLINEK. 169 JENCKES. trian Government in 1879, he became a member of the legal facultj- at Vienna, then at Basel (1889), and in 1891 at Heidelberg. Among his works are: Die socialethische liedeutung von Eecht, Unrccht und Strafe (1878); Die Lehre von den Staatenverbindungen (1882); Oester- reich-Ungarn und Rumunicn in der Donaufrage (1884); System der subjektiven offentlicheii Rechte (1892) ; Adam in der Staatslehre (1893) ; Das Recht der Minoritiiten (1898); and Das Recht des modernen Staates (1900 et seq. ). JELLYBY, JIrs. A sham philanthropist in Dickens's Ulciik House. JELLY-FISH. The popular name for any of the free-swimming medusoid or ctenophoran cfplenterates (q.v. ). The name is obviously applicable because of the transparent gelatinous material which makes up the bulk of the body. In a stricter sense the name is applied only to the larger medusae, such as those of the genera Aurelia, Cjanea, etc., which are frequently cast up on sea-beaches. L'nder such circiuustances, the external form and beauty are generally obliterated and the animal is literally only a mass of jelly. This has the general form of a saucer, or concave disk, whence the name 'Dis- cophora' has been applied to the group — from the under side of which hang the pendent feeding and reproductive organs. Consult for the jelly- fishes of the eastern American coast, A. Agassiz, "North American Acalephse" (containing an ex- tensive bibliography), in Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Cam- bridge, 186.5). See Ctexophob. : Medisa; Si- THOXOPHORA ; and Colored Plate of Medusa. JEMAPPES, zhp-map'. A town in the Prov- ince of Hainault, Belgium, a few miles south- west of Mons (Map: Belgium. B 4). It has glass-works, and in its vicinity are extensive coalmines. Population, in 1900, 12,778. Jemappes is celebrated for the victory won here by 46.000 French, under Dumouriez. over the Austrians. 26,000 in number, under the Duke of Sa.xe-Teschen. November 0, 1792. The French troops, most of them raw volunteers, were sent in three columns against the experienced Aus- trian soldiery, splendidly posted on a height behind strong fortifications. The French right, after some hesitation, swept the enemy before it. The centre met with fiercer opposition, and was just giving way when the future King Louis Philippe and Renard. a valet, sprang out of the lines and led them victoriously forward. On the left, however, the young French peasants were being decimated, and were yielding. Dumouriez came up. Some one began singing the Marseil- laise. The soldiers caught the strain. They rushed forward once more, and hurled the Aus- trians from their position. This first great victory of the Republic gave it the possession of Belgium, and inspired it with confidence and coura ce. JEMEZ, n,a'mas. A Pueblo village of Ta- uoan stock, situated on .Temez River, a western affluent of the Rio Grande, about 35 miles west- ward from Santa Fe, New Mexico. The inhabit- ants are peaceable and self-supporting, raising annually al)0ut 2.500 bushels of wheat and 15.000 Inishels of corn, besides other vegetables. Popu- lation, about 450. See also Pt'EBLO. JENA, ya'na. A famous university town in the Grand Duchy of Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach, Ger- many, situated amid precipitous hills on the left bank of the Saale, ten miles southeast of Weimar (Map: Germany, D 3). The old moats en- circling the town have been replaced by fine promenades with monuments of famous scientists. There are in the city many tablets in honor of men who have been associated with the univer- sity — Fichte, Schiller, Arndt, Hegel, Schelling, etc. Jena also has memories of Luther. The old castle, once the residence of the dukes of Saxe- Jena, in which Goethe more than once sojourned, contains many collections belonging to the uni- versity. (See Jena, Uxit:rsity of.) The educational institutions comprise also a gymna- sium, a number of other secondary schools, and scientific organizations. The industries are of little importance. The chief manufactures are optical instruments. .Jena has all the modem municipal improvements. The environs are pleas- ant, but not remarkable. The Lichtenhainer beer, made in the vicinitv. is famous. Population, in 1890, 13,449; in 1900, 20,686, chiefly Protestant. Jena is noted as the scene of a great battle (October 14, 1806), in which about 65.000 Prus- sians under Prince Hohenlohe were completely defeated by nearly 100,000 French under Napo- leon. The battle of Auerstiidt was fought on the same day. JENA, L'nht:ksity of. A German university which is the outgrowtli of a gymnasium or high school founded by .John Frederic, Elector of Saxony, about 1547, as a centre of Protestant teaching. It- was authorized by the Emperor Ferdinand I. as a imiversity in 1558, and soon became famous. Its most flourishing period was under the patronage of Duke Charles Augustus, from 1787 to 1807. Among the famous names connected with the university are those of Fichte, Schelling, Hecel, and Oken in philosophy, Schil- ler, who lectured here in history for ten years, the brothers Schlegel, ^'oss. Fries, and Krause. Much of its distinction in recent times has been in biologv'. philosophy, and theology. The uni- versity had in 1901 some 800 students. Its budget is about 475,000 marks. The librarv contains 200,000 vohmies, 100.000 dissertations, and 900 volumes of MSS. The influential Litteraturzcitung fiir Deutschland (1785-1874) was issued from .Jena for nearly a century. JENATSCH, ya'natch, Georg, or Jurg (1596- 1639). A Swiss soldier and leader in the party strifes of Switzerland during the period of the Thirty Years' War. lie was born at Samaden, studied theology at Zurich, and became a Protes- tant pastor at Veltlin and leader of the Protes- tants in Grisons. In 1621 he killed Planta, a leader of the Spanish and Catholic sympathizers, and so put himself for a time at the head of the Patriotic Party. After the entry of the Aus- trians he was forced to leave Grisons, and served under ^Mansfield and imder the Duke de Rohan. When Rohan did not fulfill the wishes of the Patriotic Party, Jenatsch turned Catholic and en- tered the Austrian and later the Spanish service. He was murdered at a banquet by Planta's fol- lowers. .Jenatsch is portrayed in K. F. Meyer's historical novel Georg Jenatsch (Davos, 1894) and by Dierauer (Saint Gallen. 1896). JENCKES, jenks, Joseph (1656-1740). A colonial (iovernor of Rhode Island, born at Paw- tucket. He was a surveyor and acted for Rhode Island in the settlement of the Massachusetts
