JEKTJSALEII, 183 JERUSALEM. According to Joseplius the different quarters of the city were known as ( 1 ) the upper city, i.e. the hij;li southwest hill; (2) the temple area; (3) the lower city or Akra, the portion of the eastern hill south of the temple hill; (4) the 'new city.' or Bezetha, i.e. the quarter north of the temple hill; .ind (5) the "northern' quarter, i.e. north of the old (first) wall and west of the temple. Cf. .Josephus, Hoes, V. iv. 1. This city with its beautiful palaces and more beautiful temple was laid in ruins in the terrible siege and capture by the Romans under Titus, A.D. 70 fcf. Josephus, TPars, Books V., VI., and VII., i. 1). Only a few remnants of the western fortifications were left standing. With this catiistrophe the history of ancient .Jerusalem came to its close. The History .iXD Topogk.pht of JIodees JERUS-4I.EM. For sixty years .Jerusalem was prac- tically in ruins. About 1.30 the Emperor Hadrian visited it and determined to rebuild it. The desperate rebellion of the .Jews under Bar Cochba led him to make it a pagan city and prohibit all Jews from entering it. The new city was called , .Elia Capitolina. The wall with which Hadrian encircled it was, in general, on the line of the old ^^all, except on the south, where it left a large portion of the old city, including the whole ot the 'City of David,' outside the inclosure. The rebuilding caused a great change in the levels, owing to the vast accumulation of rubbish ren- dering the whole surface more uniform than that of the old city had been. In some places the former city was buried to a depth of 80 feet, making identifications of many ancient places uncertain, if not impo.ssible. Nothing is known of the city from Hadrian to Constant ine the Great. The pagan population was gradually supplemented by Christians. With the recognition of Cliristianity as the religion of the Empire, pilgrims began to flock to Jerusalem to visit the holy places. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (see Holt Sepulchre) was built by Constantine's orders. Other buildings of like character were added as the centuries went by. Jerusalem became a Christian city, the favorite resort of religious devotees from all quarters of Cliristendom. Among the noteworthy buildings belonging to this period, the Church of Saint Stephen, north of the city, built by the Empress Eudoeia (4.50-460), who .also rebuilt the ancient southern wall, and the great Church of Saint Mary on the temple hill, built by .Justinian, c.53'2, desene mention. The Christian city, after being captured by the Persians under Khosru in G14, but recovered by the Emperor Heraclius in 628. was taken by the Moslems in 637 luider the Caliph Omar. The Christians were treated leniently. A wooden mosque, 'The Dome of the Rock,' was erected by Omar on the site nf the ancient temple. This was replaced in 601 by a splendid stone building by Abd al-Malik. This has been repaired many times. When, in 969, the Egyptian Fatimite Caliphs became rulers of .Jerusalem, the condi- tion of the Christian population became more serious. The Seljulc Turks conquered the city in 1077 and their maltreatment of Christians was one of the chief causes of the Crusades. In 1099 the Crusaders, under Godfrey of Bouillon and others, gained possession of the city. ^Moslems and Jews were severely treated. .Terusalem was once more a Christian citv. The churchmen of the crusading forces immediately set about the election of a patriarch, probably expecting the temporal dominion to go « ith the spiritual ; but the secular princes insisted on the choice of a. king. The crown was declined by Raymond of Toulouse, and possibly also by Robert of Nor- mandy. Godfrey of Bouillon was the final choice, though he refused to wear a crown of gold in the place where his .Saviour had worn a cromi of thorns," and called himself simply protector of the Holy Sepulchre. The new State won its first victoiy at Ascalon a few days later, and was soon fully organized with Western laws. Godfrey died in a j'ear, and was succeeded by his brother Baldwin, Count of Edessa, He suc- ceeded in enlarging his kingdom by the conquest of Arsuf and Cifisarea in 1101, of Acre (Ptolemais) in 1104, of Tripolis in 1109, and of Berytus and Sidon in 1110. The other Christian lordships of the East acknowledged him definitely as their suzerain. He died on his way back from an expedition against Egypt in 1118, designating as his successor his brother Eustaehe, or, failing him, liis cousin. BaldAvin of Edessa. The latter being on the spot, the barons decided to avoid an interregnum by crowning him at once. Bald- win II. also extended the boundaries of his king- dom. In 1124, with Venetian aid, he made the important conquest of Tyre. His reign was a constant series of conflicts; but before his death, in 1131, the Kingdom reached the height of its power. None the less, its existence w'as pre- carious: the feudal system, which had been a help in its establisliment, now tended to dissen- sion, and under the next King, Fulk of Anjou (1131-43), the decline began. During the minor- ity of Baldwin III. (1143-62) Edessa was con- quered and destroyed, 30.000 Christians being slaughtered, 'the news of this disaster called out the Second Crusade, which did nothing to strengthen the Kingdom. Amalric (1162-73) at- tempted the conquest of Eg-pt, but was opposed by Saladin, who was now rising to .supremo power among the iloslems. In the reign of Guy of Lusignan. whose title came through his wife, Sibylla, mother of Baldwin V.. Saladin defeated the Christian army in the decisive battle of Tiberias, and on October 2, 1187, took Jerusa- lem, and cast down the cross from the ilosque of Omar. The titular kingship came in 122.5 by marriage to the Emperor Frederick II., who se- cured possession of the city (except two masques) by a treaty with the Sultan Kameel in 1229; but, owing to his conflict with the Holy See. he was obliged to crown himself, not a single ecclesiastic being willing to sanction his title. In 1244 the city was stormed by the Kharezmians. and passed finally out of Christian hands; and the fall of Acre, in 1291, was the definite close of the real history of the Kingdom. The title of King of .Jerusalem, however, was for a long time borne by the kings of Naples and Sicily, from whom it passed to the House of Lorraine, and by the mar- riage of Maria Theresa (1736) to the Haps- burgs. The Emperor Ferdinand I. (1S35-4S) finally renounced it. For further details on the mediaeval history, see Crusades; and consult the authorities there referred to. Though .Jerusalem was in .a sense the mother of all the Christian churches, the circumstances of its history accounted for its being long sub- jected to the metropolitan authority of other churches — to that of Coesarea from the rebuilding
