JERUSALEM. 186 JERUSALEM CHERKY. of the new city of .'EUa in the second century. But in llie fourth and fifth its bishops, mindful of tlic traditional dimity of their see, whose primacy of honor had licen acknowledged by the Council of Nica-a, strove to acquire patriarchal rank. The effort was finally successful at the Council of Ephesus in tol. though the newly es- tablished patriarch was obliged to be content with the last place among the five. The pa- triarchate shared the fortunes of the city, and with the rest of the East fell away from Rome. At the present time there is a (Jreek patriarch, with a comparatively small number of subjects, divided into thirteen archbishoprics. On the conquest of the city by Godfrey of Bouillon, a Latin patriarchate was established, practically coterminous with the new Kingdom. But when the Kingdom fell, the ecclesiastical jurisdiction could not long be maintained. The Latin pa- triarchs were finally driven to reside in Acre, and when that <'ity was lost by the Christians in 1291. Ix-came merely titular, residing in later times in Rome, where the Church of San Lorenzo was assigned to them as their oITicial seat. Pius IX., however, restored them to residence in .Teru- salem. which began in 1848. The ifelchites, the Armenians, both I'niat and independent, the L'niat Syrians, and the Russians, have all liishops or arcbliishops in .Jerusalem ; but the most pecu- liar and interesting modern historj- is that of the Anglo-Prussian bishopric. It was originally a project of Bunsen, wlio desired the establish- ment of a central point for the direction of Prot- estant missions in Palestine. The King of Prus- sia provided half the endowment, and the other half was raised by popular subscription in Kng- land. largely by the coJJperation of Bishop Wil- berforce. The arrangement provided for the nomination of the bishops alternately by the English and Prussian crowns. The first bishop, Alexander Wolf, a converted Jew from Posen. was named by England and consecrated, as his successors have been, by the Archbishop of Can- terburv' in 1841. When "the third bishop. Barclav, died in 18S1, the Prussian Government termi- nated the agreement, and the bishopric has since been maintained by the Church of England. Bibliography. For the antiquities of Jeru- salem, consult the standard guide-books, espe- cially Baedeker's (ed. 1897), or Murray's (ed. 18(12). Of the voluminous literature on the city, only the most recent and reliable is selected. " The comprehensive articles by the expert witnesses, Guthe in the Hauck-Her- zog Tlealenci/clopadie. 3d ed., vol. viii.. Smith (G. A. and W. R.). in the Encyclopoedia Biblica, and Conder in Uastinci's Dictionary of the Bible, are most excellent. The Surrnj of Western Pal- estine. Jerusalem (London, 1884), by Warren and Conder. contains the results of surveys and excavations up to 188."?. The annual Reports of the Palestine Exploration Fund (188.3 to date) are invaluable, also the similar reports of the German Palestinian Society. Other publications of the Palestine Exploration Fund may be con- sulted, particularly Besant and Palmer. Jeru- salem, the City of Herod and Saladin (4th ed., London, 1899) : Conder. The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. 109!)-12ni (London, 1884) : and vol. i. of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (Lon- don, 1887). For special monographs, consult: Warren, XJndrrqround Jerusalem (London, 187G) ; Bliss and Dickie, Excavations at Jeru- salem (London, 1898) ; llommcrt, Topographie dcs alien Jerusalem (Leipzig, 1893) ; Buhl, (Irographie Palestinus (Leipzig, 180G) ; Ben- ziger. Ucbrriische ArclUiologie (Leipzig, 1894); and the general works on Palestine, such as those of G. A. Smith and Robinson, contain valuable material. For the ilohammedan period, consult Le Strange, Palestine liultr the Moshni.i (Lon- don. 1890). The large map published by the Pali'sline Exploration Fund is most excellent. JERUSALEM, CouNCii..s of. A number of councils ucie held in .Jerusalem, of which the following are the most important : ( 1 ) The first Christian council, often called the Apostolic Council (Acts xv. 1-31), was held about a.d. .51, to consider questions raised in the Church of Antioch concerning the obligation of (5entile Christians to obser'e the Jewish law. By the decision of the council it was declared to be necessarj' for such Christians to abstain from (a) meats which had been offered to idols; (b) blood and strangled things; (c) fornication. This council seems to have comprised mily one church, that in .Jerusalem, though this cliiirch may have embraced several local con uregat ions in that city, organized as a church in common. i2) In 33.5 a council, formed of the bishops who had assembled for the consecration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, restored .rius to fel- lowship and allowed him to return to Alex- andria. (3 I About 31U ilaxinius, of .lerusaieiii, and sixty other bishops, on the return of Athana- Sius to Alexandria, revoked the decree against hiin and drew up a letter to his Church. (4) In 399 a council held in consequence of a letter from Theophilus of Alexandria on the decree passed against the Origenists assented to it, and resolved not to have fellowship with any who denied the equality of the Son with the Father. (5) In 5.53 the acts of the fifth ecumenical coun- cil (Constantinople) were received by all the bishops of Palestine assembled at .Jerusalem, except Alexander of Abilene, who was conse- quently deposed. (6) The most important coun- cil held in Jerusalem was that of 1G72. It was convened by Dositheus, Patriarch of .Jerusalem, and was composed of more than sixty bishops and other officers in his diocese. Its object was to oppose Calvinism, which had been introduced into the East by CyrU Lucaris. Its measures led to its being charged with favoring Roman Catholicism, and occasioned considerable trouble in the Clnirch. JERUSALEM CHAMBER. A room adja- cent to Westminster Alil>ev. built in 1370-8(i, so named from tapestries formerly hung there, and representing scenes from the history of .Jeru- salem. It is now the meeting-place of the Upper House of Convocation of the Province of Canter- burv. The room contains frescoes of the death of Henry I^'.. who died in it. and of the corona- tion of Queen Victoria. JERUSALEM CHERRY (probably termed .Jerusalem on account of its foreign origin, having been imported from ^Madeira). The popular name of an ornamental species of the genus Solanum. of which Solanum Pscudocapsicum and its hy- brids arc the most important species. As grown under glass for decorative purposes, it ranges from one to three feet in height, carrying nu- merous bright green oblanceolate or oblong short petioled leaves,^ small white flowers, and a pro-
