JOB. 233 JOBSON. that G!od was just and that Job desened the test, was to take the edge oil' of some of Job's utterances. Thi^ was not difficult, for even in the boldest passages of the book the expression is somewhat reiled. It must not be supposed that the Book of- Job as we have it was produced 'at one sitting,' as it were; it is a growth, and the very popularity which it appears to have enjoyed was a factor in accounting for modifications to which it was submitted. The introduction of Elihu is an illus- tration of the thesis regarding the gradual forma- tion of the present book. There is no reference to Klihu in the prologue. His speeches are not es- sential either to the story or to the moral of the book. They are simply a reiteration of the whole problem — the reason and object of sufTering. tlie righteousness of God. the value of faith, and the beneficence of divine government. How and when the speeches of Elihu came to be united with tlie Book of .Job are questions in regard to which scholars have not yet reached general agreement. It is plausible to suppose that the Book of .Job found imitators. The problem was attractive, and other writers tried their liand at presenting the arguments in favor of the current religious attitude. The speeches of Eliliu impress one in tills way as another Book of Job in epitome. Lastly, the speeches of Yahweh ( chapters xxxviii.-xlii. 6), forming a separate part, while they do not offer a solution of the problem of suiTering, still reinforce the attitude of the pious — that man, not having been present at creation and not being admitted into the counsels of the -Almighty, dare not and must not question divine justice. These speeches again add nothing to the situation nor to the moral: but they add another witness against .Job. and so powerful a one that Job must needs confess his error. In a way. the introduction of Yahweh. who severely rebukes Job, contradicts the epilogue in which Yahweh turns with favor to -Job and rebukes Job's friends, although the latter have all throughout pleaded Yahweh's cause. If, however, we omit these speeches and the discourses of Elihxi and connect the epilogues directly (a) with chapter xxxi. 40. w-here it is said here "end the words of .Job." and (b) with chaptei' xxxii. 1. where we are told "the three men ceased answering .Job. for he wa= justified in his own eyes." the contradiction is at least weakened. It is not implied that chapter xxxii. 1 was once immediately followed by xlii. 7. but only that a form of the I?ook of .Job existed in which .Job's arsuments were justified, and that some one in placing the conclusion of the popular story of .Job at the end of the discussion between Job and his friends, felt obliged to state that God approved of Job and rebuked the three friends. The Book of Job. in its present form, is prob- ably post-exilic, and the tendency at present among scholars is to bring the date down toward the third century B.C. One rea.son for the favor which the b-ook attained in pious circles was the similarity between .Job and Israel which natu- rally suggested itself. .Tob's sufferings typified Israel's fate. His resignation in the popiUar story ser-ed as an example to the post-exilic Jewish community to endure in faith and pa- tience, while the justification of Job by Yahweh Himself is one form nf the presentation of the problem, and his restored happiness and pros- perity were interpreted as an assurance of the glory that was destined to be again Israel's lot. BiBUOGRAPHY. Consult the Old Testament introductions, and the commentaries of Ewald, Delitzsch, Dillmann, Duhm, Merx, Hitzig, David- son, Budde, Siefried, Zijckler; also Budde, Bei- triiye zur Kritik dfs Buches Uiob (Bonn, 1876). Un the text consult: Bicknell, '"Kritische Bear- beitung des Job-Dialogs," inWiener Zeiischrift fiir die Kunde des ilorgenlandes (Vienna, 1892-93) ; id.. Das Buch Hiob nach Anleitung der Strophik iind der Septuaginta (ib., 1894). On the giowth and purport, consult: Eenan, Le livre de Job (Paris, 1859) ; Cheyne, Job and .S'otomon (Lon- don, 1887) : Bradlev. Lectures on the Book of Job (Oxford, 1887): ileinhold, "Das Problem des Buches Hiob," in Xeue Juhrbiicher fiir deutsche Theologie (Bonn, 1892) ; Lave, Die Composition des Buches Hiob (189f)) : Green, The Argument of the Boole of Job Unfolded (Xew York, 1873) ; Fairbairn, '"The Problem of Job," in The City of God (London, 1886). JOB,^ TE.STAJIEXT OF. See Apocbtpha, Old Testament. JOBBE-DTJVAL, zho'ba' du'val', Armand Mabie Felix (lt>21-S9). A French genre paint- er, born at Carhaix. He was a pupil of Dela- roche, and began to exliibit in 1841. He belongs to the 'Xeo-Greek' school, a group of painters distinguislied by excessive refinement of execu- tion. His works include : '"ilargucrite dans le jardin de ilarthe" (Marguerite in Martha's Gar- den) (1845): "L'Evanouissement de la Vierge" (Fainting Virgin) (1849); and "La Jloisson" (The Harvest), in the Mans Museum. He also did decorations in the Palais de Justice at Bor- deaux, the Hotel de i]e at Lyons, and several of the Paris churches. JOBEBT DE LAMBALLE, zhS'bar' de lax'- bal', AxTOi>-E .JosEPU (1799-1867). A French surgeon. He was bom at ilatignon, studied medicine at Paris, and in 1830 became surgeon at the Hospital Saint-Louis. He was elected to the Academy of Sciences in 1856. Jobert was a brilliant and resourceful operator, best kno^vn for his masterly use of autoplastic, the repair of diseased parts by healthy neighboring tissue, and especially for the operation which he styled clitroplastie, an autoplastic cure of vaginal fis- tula. He wrote: Truite thcorique et pratique des maladies chirurgicales du canal intestinal (1829) ; Etudes sur le sgstiine nerveux (1838) ; a Trnite de chirurgie plastique (1849) ; and Dc la reunion en chirurgie (1864). JOB'S COMFORTER. A popular expression for one who. like .Job's friends, while pretending sympathy in times of distress, presents the most hopeless side of the trouble and attributes it to the suflTerer's shortcomings. The term is also used of boils, which formed part of Job's afflic- tions. JOB'SOTT. Frederick James (1812-81). A Weslcyan clergyman. He was born at Xorwich, Cheshire; became an architect, but in 1834 a minister, and rose to great eminence. He died in London. .January 4. 1881. His early studies are shown in his Chapel and School Architecture " (1850), Avhich had considerable influence in im- proving such structures of his denomination. His travels in a representative capacity are re- corded in his America and American Methodism (1857), and Australia, icitk Notes by TTay of
