JODHPXJR. 235 JOHANNA. ruins of temples, palaces, and tombs. Population, in ISOl, Cl.SoU; in 1901, C0,400. JODL, yO'd'l, Fkiedbich (1849—). A German philosopher, born and educated at Munich. He was decent there for five years, professor at Prague in the German university from 1S85 to 1890, and then took a chair in philosophy at Vienna. During his stay in Prague Jodl was prominent in the work of the association for the advance- ment of things German in Bohemia. In 1890 he became an editor of the International Journal of Ethics. He is the master of a remarkably clear style and wrote, besides several monographs on ethical subjects: Lehen und Fhilosophie David Humes { 1872), Knlturgeschiclitschrcihuncii 1878) , Geschichte dcr Ethik in der neueren Philosopliie (1882-89), Moral, Religion und Schtile (1892), and Lehrbuch der Psycholnrjie (1899). JO'EL (Heb. lot"/, Yahweh is God). The son of Pethuel and second (or, according to the Sep- tuagint order, the fourth) of the twelve minor prophets. Concerning the life of Joel absolutely nothing is known, except the fact, gathered from his work, that he prophesied in Judah. The occasion for his prophec.y was a destructive plague of locusts, accompanied by a severe drought. The prophecy consists of two parts: (1) ( i. 2-ii. 17) A vivid description of the de- vastation that the plague is causing in the land and a call for repentance, to be manifested by fasting, solemn assemblies, and mourning; this is accompanied by an assurance that repent- ance will bring forgiveness and renewed prosper- ity, and will keep off the "day of Yahweh,' which, however, is sure to come. (2) (ii. IS-iii. 21) The statement, evidently following re])entance on the part of the people, that the plague has de- parted and that Yahweh will bless the land with material prosperity, and ultimately with a gift of prophecy for all flesh. A description follows of the day when Yahweh will gather the nations together in the valley of Jehoshaphat (q.v.) and judge them for their wrongs against Israel. There are two different problems connected with the book; namely, the meaning of the locusts spoken of and the date of the prophecy. Some critics take the locusts allegorically. as a figure for the enemies of Jerusalem : others — and this view is now more general — take the locusts liter- ally, a plague of locusts being no unusual thing for Palestine. The date must be fixed entirely by internal evidence, and this has produced two widely different views, (a) one favoring a pre- cxilie state, preferably in days of Joash, (b) another in favor of a post-e.xilic date. The main criterion is the list of nations mentioned as enemies of Judah — the Pha?nicians. Philistines, Egyptians, and Edomites. The reference to the Greeks (iii. 6) and the fact that there is no mention of the Syrians, Assyrians, or Chaldeans among the enemies, are potent reasons in favor of the later date, after the return of the exiles, in the days of Ezra and Xehemiah. The trend of opinion is now quite general toward this date. Joel is full of lofty imagery, and his language is pure and eloquent. The book presents many parallels with other Old Testament books — e.g. Isaiah (cf. Joel i. h. ii. 10. iii. 10. respectively, with Isa. xiii. G, 10. ii. 4). Ezekiel (cf. .Toel ii. 28, i. 15, ii. 1, 2, respectively, with Ezek. xxxix. 29. XXX. 2. 3), and .Vmos (cf. ,Toel iii. 10. iii. 18. respectively, with .mos i. 2. ix. 1.3). It has been Vol. XI.— 16. attempted to settle the vexed question of the date by means of these parallels; but naturally ttiere is great dispute as to which prophet is borrow- ing. Consult: Creduer, Der Frophet Joel iiber- setzt und erklArt (Halle, 1831); Wunsche, Die Wcissaguni/ des Prophet en Joel iibersetzt und erkliirt (Leipzig, 1872) ; ilerx. Die Prophezeiung des Joel und ihre Ausleger (Halle, 1879) ; and tlie authorities referred to under !Mikob Pbophets. JOE MILLER'S JESTS. See :Millee, Jo- seph. JOE-PYE-WEED. A North American me- dicinal jjlant. See Eupatobium. JOGUES, zh6g. Is.AC (1007-46). A Jesuit missionary to the Xorth American Indians, born in France. He joined the Society of Jesus in 1024, and in 1030 was ordained and sent to the Huron mission, then the most dangerous of all which the Society maintained in the New World. There he labored until 1039, when he was chosen for the new and even more perilous mission among the Tobacco Xation. Two years later he made the long and arduous journey to Sault Sainte Jlarie, where he preached to an assem- blage of 2000 Algonquins, and soon after his re- turn he set out for Three Rivers to procure sup- plies for the Huron mission. As he was cross- ing the Lake of Saint Peter on his return he and his companion, Goupil, were captured by the Iroquois. The prisoners were taken to the !Mo- hawk villages and fearfully tortured. Goupil was finally killed, but .logues was kept as a slave. His pitiable condition excited the com- passion of Dominie Megapolensis and other Dutchmen at Eensselaerswyck, who finally suc- ceeded in smuggling him aboard a vessel, which conveyed him down to Xcw Amsterdam, where Diiector-General Kieft received him kindly and sent him to France. The story of his sufferings had preceded him, and on his arrival he was re- ceived as a hero ; even the Queen showed him marked attention, and the Pope gave him a special dispensation ^^•hich enabled him to say mass de- spite the mutilated condition of his hands. He soon returned to Canada, however, and two years afterwards again went to the ilohawk villages; but this time as an ambassador from the Cana- dian Government and as the founder of a new mission, the Mission of the Martyrs. Having accomplished his political object, which was to confirm the Mohawks in their adhesion to a re- cently signed treaty of peace, he returned to Quebec, but after a council with the superiors of his Order once more went to work among the ^Mohawks. There having been a change in the feelings of the Indians, he was soon subjected to torture, and finally one night as he entered a lodge to which he had been invited for a feast a savage sprang from the darkness and struck him dead. The place of his martyrdom. Osser- nenon. near Auricsville. X. Y.. has become a place of pilgrimage to Roman Catholics. Consult: Parkman. The Jesuits in Xorth America (Boston, 1804; new ed.. 1898): Martin, Father I.taac Jogues (Shea's translation, Kew York. 1890) : Camille de Rochemcnteix. Lcs Jesvltc,s et la nou- Telle France (Paris, 1805) : and Thwaites (ed.l. The Jesuit Relations (73 vols.. Cleveland, 1900- 02). JOHAN'NA. One of the Comoro Islands (q.v.).
