JOINVILLE. 272 JOKAI. niiuority of Jeanne de iSavane, at whose request he « rote or conii)letcil his llixloirc dc Huiitt Luiiis. He was of a family illustrious in the second, third, and fifth crusades. Keared at the literary court of Thibaut of Chanii)agne, he was already mar- ried and father of two children, when at tweiity- four lie joined at Cyprus Louis IX. on his first (the Egyptian) crusade (.September, I24S). Joinville was wounded at Mansurah in 1250 and taken prisoner, but alter a month lie was ran- somed. He remained in Kgyiit and Syria till 1254. The experience satisfied him, and he declined to accompany tlie King on his crusade to Tunis in 12U7. In 12S;) Philip 111. made him (iovernor of Champagne. His Histoirt; though made at the re- quest of Jeanne, then (jiieen, was presented four years after her death (lliO'J) to her son. the future Louis X. There is a letter of 1315 iu which Joinville, then over ninety, oll'ors to join that King in a campaign against I'Tanders. lie died on Christmas eve, 1317. At Saint Jean d'Aere Joinville wrote his Crecfo (1251), a sort of commentary on the Creed, and he recast it in 1287. He was also fond of annotating autographi- eally the jiajicrs of Ills chaneelry ; and it is now thought, contrary to earlier opinion, that the kernel of his Jlisloire consists not of the recol- lections of an old man, but of notes taken during the Egyptian Crusade, or of personal memoirs written probably soon after 1272. To these memoirs, retouched and expanded, the anecdotal history of the already venerated King was added by the aged Joinville at royal request, probably in 1305. In the later parts there are traces of senility; the memoirs are the work of a keen observer and a born narrator. Here, says Lan- glois, Joinville reveals himself fuudamenlally good, straightforward, cautious, filled with an ideal of duty, brave though not fond of blows, careful of his interests and his ease, a jealous conserver of tradition, with just a trace of aris- tocratic jiride and personal vanity, but yet full of good sense, good humor, and dry wit. If Join- ville had not written, the classic, popular figure of Saint Louis would not be what it is, and there would be something lacking in the history of France. Yet there are but these manuscript copies of the nistoire. which for two centuries seems to have been quite forgotten. The works of Joinville were first edited by Antoine de Risux "in 1547, and best by Natalis de Wailly in Jean de Joinrille: IJistoire de S'aint Louis, Credo ct Lettre a Louis X., with a modernized version (Paris, 1874). Consult Delaborde, Jean de Join- ville et les Seigneurs de Joinville (Paris, 1894) ; Gaston Paris, in his Litlrralurc frnvraisc nu moi/cn iifie (ib., 1893). and in Romania (ib.. 1804) : also Fitzjames Stephen, Horw Sabbaiica; (London, 1891). j6kAI, yo'ko-i. Maurus (Hung. M6r) (1825- 1904). A famous Hungarian writer of fiction, born at Komorn on February 19, 1825. At Papa he made the acquaintance of Pet'ifi (q.v. ). with whom he entered into a lasting friendship, the two being the leaders of the young Nationalist Party during the revolutionary days of 1848. On !March 15th they fought for the 'twelve articles' (freedom of the press, etc.). Though admitted to the bar in 184(5. he never took up law practice, but devoted himself to literary ])ursuits. As early as 1842 he comiiosed his first drama. A Zsidofii'i (The Jeir Bou) . and published in 1840 his first novel, Uitkiiznapok (Working Days), which became popular at once. In 1847 he as- .sunied llie editorship of the weekly Ehtkiyek (pictures' from Life), which molded public opin- ion and guided the minds during those days of social ferment. Two volumes of his tales, 1 udun riniyai (Wilderness Flowers), appeared during the same year, and attracted general attention to the rising author. After the Kevolution was crushed out, lie was imiHisoned at 'ilagos (in 1849), whence after many hairbreadth escapes he was safely brought to Pest by his devoted young wife, later the famous tragic actress Rosa Labor- falvy. These troubhnis days he described in his Forrculalmi is csatakipek (Serolutionurtj Battle Pictures) (1849), followed by a series of novels dealing with the history of Hungary, Of these works the following are best known: Erd/ii/ arany kora (1851; translated by Xisbet Bain as 7'he Golden Era of Transyhania) : A ket szarru ember (1852, The Tuo-Ilorned Man); Torql- rilag Magyarorszagon (1852, The Turks in Hungary) ; Egy magyar ndbdr (An Uun- garian Nabob), describing the life of wealthy Hungarians, "who lived like little potentates in pre-revolutionary times'; its sequel Kur)mthy Zoltan (1S54, The Carpathian Knilan). full of pathos and humor: A kiiszivii ember fiai {The hons of a Heartless Man) ; Politikai diratok (I'o- litical EaslLions) ; M(}gis mozog a fold (1800, And Yet the Earth Moves) ; Az uj fiildesur (The New Landlord, translated by A. Patterson, Lon- don, 1865), admittedly his masterpiece as re- gards form and structure ; A jovo szuzad reginye (1874, The Romance of the Next Century) ; ^1 ma (ISSl, Our Days); Fekcte gyimiintok (Black Diamonds, translated into English) ; Mire meg- n'liiilihik iWhaf We Are Oroiving Old For); Szerelcm holondjai (Love's Fools) ; Nincsen ijrdog (There is No Devil) ; RdkCczy fia (The Son of Rukoczy) ; Kctszer ket to ri^gy (Twice Tivo is Four); A tengerszemii holgy (1890, The Lady u-ith Sea-Eyes') . Of his numerous dramas King Kolomdn (1855), Manlius Sinister (1856), George Ddzsa (1858). The Marti/rs of Szigetvdr (1859), and Milton (1878) met with the great- est favor. Jokai's History of Hungary (18S4) is held in high repute. From 1858 till 1881 he was contributor to and editor of the leading humorous weeklv. Vslokbs (Comet), at Bnda])est: founded the political daily Hon (Fatherland) in 1803, and became editor-in-chief of Nemzet (The Na- tion) in 1894. He was elected to the Hungarian Academy in 1858. became a member of the Kisfaludy Society in 1800. and has been president of the PetJifi So- ciety since 1878. The fiftieth anniversary of his literary activity was celeln'ated throughout Hun- gary in 1894, and an edition de luxe of his works was issued. Invariably reelected to the Lower House of the Hungarian Parliament until .Tanu- ary, 1897, J.5kai was then called by Francis Joseph to the House of Magnates. Alert and keen to what was going on in the world, he reflected in his methods the various lit- erary currents prevailing in European literature. Thus avowedly a pupil of the French Romanti- cists, particularly 'ictor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas, at the beginning of his literary career, he became a strong champion of the 'realistic school' during the last two decades of the nine- teenth century. Vivid in fancy, rich in humor, absorbing in plot, his works are often open to criticism owing to the special nature of his gifts;
