JOUBEET. 299 JOTJLE. -vaal. Later he favored a libei-al policy toward the Uitlaiiders in the coiintr}-. He was defeated by only 800 votes in the contest against Kruger for the Presidency in 1893, but this was the cul- mination of his political greatness, for in 1898 Kruger had over 10,000 niajoritj-. Joubert was the ablest of the Boer military men, and to his efl'orts in great measure was due the fact that the Transvaal was prepared with arms and muni- tions of war when the Republic declared war against Great Britain in October, 1899. As com- mandant-general of the Boer forces, he began the campaign in Xatal, and laid siege to the town of Ladysmith, showing remarkable generalship as long as he remained in the field. But early in 1900 his health broke down, and he was forced to retire to Pretoria, where he died Jlarch 27, 1900. Joubert commanded the profound respect of his enemies for his ability and lienor, but his liberal views on many points did not commend liim to the mass of the Transvaal Boers, who pre- ferre<l Kruger's conservatism. JOUETT, jou'et, James Edward (1828-1902). An American naval officer, son of the artist Jlatthew Henry Jouett. He was born at Lexing- ton, Ky. ; was appointed a midshipman in 1841; and served on the Independence, and against slav- ers on the Decatur. During the Mexican War he was stationed in southeastern Texas. In 1861, scon after the outbreak of the Civil War, he entered Galveston Bay with a small detachment of marines, and destroyed the Royal Yacht after a fierce fight. He was equally prominent in the operations in Mobile Bay under Farragut iu 1864, and his promotion of thirty numbers, for his services in the capture of the .SV/ma, was rec- ommended by Farragut. .Jouett became captain in 18G0, and commodore in 1883: and in 1885 he commanded the Xorth Atlantic squadron and opened the Isthmus of Panama. Congress voted him full pay for life; he became a rear-admiral in 1886. and soon afterwards was made president of the Board of Inspection and Survev. He re- tired in 1890. JOUETT, Matthew Harbls (1788-1827). An American painter, born in Mercer County. Ky. He was the pupil for a short time of Gilbert Stu- art. His numerous portraits include that of Lafayette (full length) in the Capitol at Frank- fort, Ky. JOTJFFKOY, zhoo'frwa', Franpois (1S06- 82). A Frciicb sculptor, born in Dijon. Ho was a pupil of the younger Ramey and at the Ecole des Bcanx-.rts and won the Prix de Rome in 1832. He became a member of the Institute in 18.57, and professor at the Ecole in 1863. His chief work is the graceful and pleasing "Young Girl Telling Her Secret to Venus" (1839). now in the Louvre. Other statues include : "Erigone." in the Dijon Museum ; "Peace and War." over one of the gates at the Louvre; "Lyric Poetry," a group on the fagade of the Opera ; and some busts at Versailles. JOTJFFROY, Theodore Simox (1790-1842). A Freiicli jiliilosopher. He was born .July 7. 1796, at Ponfets. Doubs, and studied philosophy at Di- jon and under Cousin at the Ecole Normale, Paris, where at twenty-one years of age he began to teach. After many changes he became in 1838 librarian tn the University of Paris, which posi- tion he filled till his death on February 4. 1842. He published translations of the works of Reid, Vol. XL— 20. and translated also some of the works of Du- gald Stewart, with notes and introductions, besides writing (Jours de droit naturel (Paris, 1834-35), and Melanges philosopliiques (Paris, 1833). Some of his works appeared post- humously. He opposed the sensualism of Con- dillae and all tendencies to identify psj-chology with physiologj-; in general, his position was similar to that of Cousin (q.v. ). Consult: Tis- sot, "Theodore Jouffroy, sa vie et ses ecrits," in MinioireS' de I'acadimie de Dijon, vol. iii. (Dijon, 1875-70). JOUFFROY D'ABBANS, da'bax', Cl-VLDe Frax^oi.s DoROTHiiE, ilarquis de (1751-1832). An inventor and engineer. He was born in France in 1751, and spent the early portion of his life in the army. AMtnessing the operation of a fire- engine, he believed that steam could be used for vessels on water. He made his first attempt with a small propeller on the Doubs in 1776, but the experiment was a failure. In 1783 he made another experiment on the SaOne, with more suc- cess; but for want of pecuniary means and sup- port, he failed to prosecute it. The Government refusing him a patent, he went to England, and was active in political plots, siding with the Bour- bons. Returning to France, he became acquainted with Fulton, who admitted the merit of the ex- periments. He received permission in 1816 to form a comjjany, and put his first steamer, called Charles Philippe, on the Seine; but the attempt was unsuccessful. He withdrew to the Hotel des Invalides, and died there of cholera. His claim was acknowledged by Arago, and In 1840 by the French Academy. .Jouffroy published Les bateaux a-vapeur, and WTOte for the Acad- emy ilemoires sur les pompes a feu. JOUGS, jugz (OF. jouf/. yoke, from Lat. ju- (jum, yoke; connected with Gk. ivybv, zygon, Skt. yuga, Goth, juk, OHG. joh, Ger. Joch, AS. geoc, Eng. yoke, from Lat. jungere, Gk. feirywcai, zeugnynai, Skt. yuj, to join), .JuSGS, or JoGGS. A form of pillory used in Scotland, as well as in the Low Countries. It consisted of an iron ring, or collar, fastened by a chain of two or three links to a pillar cr wall in some public place, such as a market cross, a prison door, a church door, a churchjard gate, a tree beneath whose branches courts and the like were held. The ring or collar opened by a hinge or joint, so as to inclose the culprit's neck, when it was secured by a loop, or staple, and a padlock. The jougs were employed as a punisliment for ecclesiastical as well as for minor civil offenses in the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Although they have not been in use for the last hundred years, they may still be found hanging at a few country churches. The branks (q.v.) were occasionally luing on the same pillar with the jougs. See Pillory- : Stocks. JOUXE, joul (named in honor of James P. .Joule). The joule is the practical unit of energy or work. It is 10' ergs. See C. G. S. Ststem of L'^^TS ; and Mechanics, under Work and Energy. JOUIiE, James Prescott (1818-89). An English physicist. He was born at Salford, Eng- land, and was the proprietor of a large brewery, but was at the same time an earnest student of science. His early education was secured at home, the chemist Walton being the yoiing man's instructor, and at the age of nineteen he pub- lished in the Annals of Electricity a description
