JUTE. 333 JUTLAND. gunnies are now exported from Bengal to all parts of the world. Until 1870 the entire cotton crop of the United States was baled in gunny-cloth imported from Calcutta. Gradually, however, an increasing amount of jute product has been made in the United States. According to the census of ISSO there were only four establishments in the United States making a s{jecialty of this manufacture. In 1900 the number had "increased to 18. They employed on the average 450 hands, and the value of their annual product was .$5,383,787. The kind, quality, and cost of the materials u.sed in jute manufacture in the United States in 1900 is shown in the following table: Pounds Cost 61.603.929 44.523.525 670,600 1,363.431 584.328 301,888 $1,642,318 Butts 087,754 48,434 Hemp : 83,303 27,354 ."!3.834 492.365 Total 109,049.701 $3,015,362 The kind, quantity, and value of the produce of jute manufactures for the same year is given be- low : 1 Quantity Value Jute .yarn pounds Twine do... Rope do... Burlaps square yards Gunny bagging do ... Carpets and rugs do ... Flax or liem[> yarns. ...pounds Other spun or woven goods.... 44,717.672 90.000 4.294,848 4.361.635 32.780.065 2.953.658 1,286,155 $2,609,148 6.300 212.653 236.129 1.426.843 357.568 165.788 364,821 4,547 Total $5,383,797 JUTERBOG, yij'ter-boG. The capital of a circle in Brandenburg. Prussia, 27 miles south of Potsdam. The fcurteenth-century Church of Saint Xicliolas. the Bfteenth-century Rathaus. the ancient Abbot's House, the Tetzel Chapel, and the three mediseval *ity gates are notable features. There are textile and other manufactures, and there is also a considerable trade in wool, flax, and wine. Population, in 1900, 7407. Two miles soutliwest is the field of Dennewitz, where the Prussians under Biilow defeated the French under Ney and Oudinot, September 6, 1813. JUTES, juts. A Low German tribe, closely associated with the Angles and Saxons in the conquest of England in the fifth century a.d. Their name suggests that of the northern penin- sula of Denmark, and it is customary to trace them to that starting-point. Morley suggests. on the other hand, that .Jutland is now occupied by Danes, and that men from that peninsula settling on the eastern coasts of England in the days of the Angles were called Danes, not Jutes. Moreover, towns in the Danish settlements have the ending 'by,' as Grimsby. Fotherby. Ashby, etc. ; but in the Jute region of Kent. Hampshire, and the Isle of Wight there is not a place that has a name ending in 'by.' Bede divides the Teutonic conquerors of Eng- land into Angles. Jutes, and Saxons, 'jut Pro- copius in the sixth century uses the terms Angles, Saxons, and Frisians. Study leads to the con- clusion that the invaders of the south of England, and those of the seaboard of the Scottish low- lands, the Jutes and Frisians, were the same people. It is only a short step from Frisians to For- morians or Pomorians, and the .Jutes are identi- fied with the Teutonic rovers who from the coast of the Baltic pushed their conquests to the Shet- lands, Orkneys, and Hebrides, landing finally on the Irish coast. In recent years the name of Jute has come into prominence through studies of subracial types persisting in the actual populations of Europe, although historians had well-nigh lost sight of them as distinguished from their Angle and Saxon kindred. Following traditions there have been found around Canterlniry in Kent, as well as on the Isle of Wight and in South Hants op- posite, men and women with peculiarities in physiognomy which are thought to be due to the Jutish blood. Special marks of the Jutish fea- tures consist in the form of the nose and mouth. The end of the nose is rounded off sharply, and the septum descends considerably below the line of the nostrils. The lov.er lip, more particularly, is thick and deep. The .Jutisli profile has a strong resemblance to that sculptured in the Assyrian marbles. The population in Friesland was not homogeneous in early times, and it is possible that the .Jutes may have migrated to South Eng- land in separate bodies, at first, like their neigh- bors, the Angles. If so, these separate intru- sions would go far to account for the perpetua- tion of the peculiarities of this people in Eng- land. JUT'LAND (Dan. Jylland). A peninsula of Europe, having the North Sea on the west, the Skagerrak on the north, and the Cattegat and Baltic Sea on the east. It begins at the River Eider, and terminates in the narrow, sandy point called Shagen or the Skaw (Map: Denmark, C 2). It is divided into South .Jutland or Schleswig, now a part of Prussia, and Xorth .Jut- land, to which the name of Jutland is particu- larly applied, and which forms the continental portion of Denmark. Xorth .Jutland has a maxi- mum extension from north to south of ISO miles, and from east to west of 105 miles. With the ad- jacent small islands it has an area of 974G square miles, and had in 1901 a population of 1,061.904. The surface is generally low. the highest point, which is also the highest in Denmark, being 564 feet above sea-level. It is part of a ridge of hills running along the centre of the peninsula from south to north. The v.estern coast ia a continuous sandy beach, behind which are a few low lagoons, and outside of which are dangerous bars. The landscape among these dunes and heaths is dreary and monotonous, and tl'.e temperament of the people is dull and 7nel- ancholic. During the last few decades, however, forests have been planted east of the dunes, and the heath-lands are thus slowly being re- claimed for agriculture. There are many bays and fiords on the eastern coast, and the peninsula is traversed by numerous streams. Cattle-rais- ing and dairying are the chief occupations of the people, and oats, barley, and rye are raised in considerable quantities. There is a railway line running through the whole length of the penin- sula, with a number of east and west branches. It is connected with the Schleswig railway sys- tem. .Jutland is said to have been inhabited in the earliest times by the Cimbri (q.v.), and was
