JUTLAND. 354 JUVENILE FORMS. known to the ancients as the Cimbric Peninsula or Cliersonosus. See JvTES. JUTUK'NA, FoiNT.iN OF. A celebrated spring iin the Palatine Hill at Rome, named after a nyiiiph cf the water, beloved by Jupiter. The overdow of the scries of subterranean springs of whioli the fountain consists formed the Lacus Curtius, famed for the appearance of the Dios- curi to annovnice the victory of Lake Kegillus. The springs are now covered by debris, but still flow and discharge into the Cloaca Maxima. JU'VENAL, DECI.MU.S Junius Juve.nalis. A Roman satirist, born at the Volscian town of Aquinum. The year of his birth is unknown; but it may be taken for granted that lie was a boy in the reign of Xero (a.d. .54-08) : that he was come to man's estate, and was practicing declamation in the time of Domitian (a.d. 81-96) ; and that he lived almost or entirely through the reign of Ha- drian (a.d. 117-138). lie seems to have enjoyed a competence. He practiced at Rome as an advocate ; and there arc some reasons for supposing that he visited Egypt. Among his friends were JIartial and Statins, and pcrliaps Qiintilian. Little is known of his personal history. An inscription has been found at Aquinum, his birthplace, which mentions a .Ttmins .Tuvenalis as an e.x-tribune in the army, and a chief officer of the town: but it is not certain whether this refers to Juvenal him- self or to a near relative. His fame rests on his sixteen satires, still surviving, which occupy the very first rank in satirical literature, and are of the greatest value as pictures of the Roman life of the Kmpire. Juvenal and Horace respectively represent the two schools into which satire has always been divided ; and from one <ir other of them every classical satirist of modern Europe derives his descent. As Horace is the satirist of ridicule, so .Juvenal is the sat- irist of indigiuition. Juvenal is not a man of the v.orid so nuich as a reformer, and he plays in Roman literature a part corresponding to that of the prophets under the .Jewish dispensation. He uses satire not as a branch of comedy, which it was to Horace, but as an engine for attacking the brutalities of tyrannv, the corruptions of life and ta-ite, the crimes, the follies, and the frenzies of a degenerate state of society. He has great humor of a scornful, austere, but singularly pun- gent kind, and many noble Mashes of a high moral poetry. The old Konian genius — as distinct from ihei more cosmopolitan kind of talent formed by Greek culture — is distinctly disccrnilile in .Tu- venal. He is as national as the English Hogarth, who perhaps gives a better image of his kind and character of faculty than any other English humorist or moralist. .Juvenal has been better transbitcd in English literature than almost any other of the ancients. Drjdcn translated five of his satires. Dr. .Johnson imitated two of the most famous in his /jOHrfoii and Vanity of TJumnn 'Wishes : and the version of the whole of theni by Gilford is full of power and character. A fine edition of the f^niirca with an exhaustive com- mentary is that of .T. E. B. Mayor (2 vols.. Lon- don. 1880). For the text alone see the edition of .Jahn (T^eipzig, Teubner, 1S9.3). The licst working editions with English notes are those of Pearson and Strong (Oxford. 1802). and Duff (Cambridge. 1808). For the life of .hnenal and criticism of his works, see: Diirr, Dns Lebrn Juvcnnlx (L'lm. 18S8) : Ribbeck. Dpi- rrhtr vnd der uncchte Juvenal (Berlin, 1865) ; Nettleship, Lectures and Essai/s (2d series, Oxford, 1895) ; JIartlia, Les moralishs ro7nains (Paris, 1865); Boissier, La Ueligiun romaine, vol. ii. (Paris, 1884) ; and L'opposition sous les Cesars (Paris, 1892). JU'VENAOilA (Lat. ncu. pi of juvenalis, youtliful). Private scenic games, established at Rome by Nero in A.D. 59 to celebrate his reach- ing the iiianly age. The actors were distin- guislied amateurs, and Isero himself :ippcarcd uiiiiiasked ;is an actor. The games held at the beginning of the year at the Palatine were also called Juvenalia under the later emperors. JUVEN'CUS, Gau'.s Vettius Aquili.nu.s, or Aqliliu.s (C.290-C.331 ). An early Christian poet, probably a Spaniard by birth, and a Span- ish presbyter. His only extant authentic writing is the Historia Eran(icUca: 'ersus dc Quatuor Evanrjeliis. written in hexameters about 330. The version follows chielly ^Matthew and seems to have been made from the Itala for the greater, part, ihough there are occasional signs of the use of the Greek original. The style is pure and the prosody almost classic. Vergil, Ovid, Lucan, and Lucretius are imitated. The best edition is Jlarold's (1886). The poems De Laudibus Domini and Triumphus Christi are certainly not by this .Juvencus: and the Liber in Gencsin is of more than ilnubtful authenticity. Consult Jlani- tius, (Irschiclilr der ehristheh-lateinisehen Poesie (Stuttgart, 1801). JUVENILE FORMS. Plants which exhibit forms in early yoiitli supposed to be similar to adult forms in the ])lanl's ancestry. For example, the leaves which follow the cotyledons in many plants, such as the barberry-, the locust, and the acacia, are radically difTercnt from the leaves which appear later," and it is believed by many SEEDLING PLA.NT OF VICTORIA KEGIA. Showing juvenUe leaves. that they represent a phylogenetically early type of leaf. Recent experiments have made it very likely that the round basal leaves of Campanula are juvenile leaves, and it has been shown that
