KAIANIAN. 364 KAINITE. ■whose rule is to be identified with that of Arta- xerxes Longimanus. (!See Autaxebxes.) Similar historical identitieatioiis are now to be made between the Kaianian Darah or Darab and Darius Kotlius, and between Dara and Darius Codonianus. (See Daru's.) Accordinj^ to the artilieial chronology of the Pahlavi, Bunda- hishu (lid. 30, 6-7), the accession of Kai Kobad, or the first Kaianian, would be placed as early as B.C. 1005, and the reign of Kai Vishlasp would extend over 120 years. So we find it in Firdausi, Masudi, and Albiruni. A reign of such extrava- gant length is apocryphal, or points rather to a dynasty. The fall of the Kaianian power came to pass through the invasion of Alexander the Great, and the consequent overthrow of the Persian Empire. Consult: Justi, Iranisches (i- menhuch (JIarburg, 1895) ; id., "Geschichte Irans," in Onindiiss dcr iranischen Philologiu (Strassburg. 1897); Dubeux, La Perse (Paris, 1881); Jackson, Zoroaster, the Prophet of An- cient Iran (Xew York, 1889). See also Persia, paragraph History. KAIETUR (la'e-t(5or') FALL. A waterfall in British Guiana, formed by the waters of the Potaro River, an affluent of the Essequibo ( Jlap: Guiana, British, F 2). The river plunges with a sheer descent of 741 feet over a hard ledge of rock 370 feet wide, whose underlying softer lay- ers are worn back into an enormous, black cavern, against which the white spray appears with wonderful effect. The surrounding scenery is grand and picturesque ; the escarpment has been worn into a huge amphitheatre, with rocky sides surrounding the whirlpool below. It was discovered in 1870. KAI-FUNG, or K'AI-FENG-FXT, kifyng'- foo'. A walled city of China, capital of the Prov- ince of Ho-nan (q.v.). 11 miles south of the Ho- ang-ho or Yellow Eiver and about 450 miles southwest of Peking (Jlap: China, D 5). It was the capital of the country from 900 to 1129, and was then known as Picn-liang. a name still fre- quently applied to it. It covers a considerable area; its most noticeable feature is a 13-story pagoda of brown glazed brick. The sub- urbs, where the business is mostly done, are large, and have a large transit trade with Fan-cheng and other ports on the Han Eiver. Kai-fung is a station on the new Hankow- Peking Railway, which is now building. Popula- tion, about 100,000. The city has been over- whelmed fourteen times by flood, nine times by earthquake, six times by fire, and eleven times taken by assault. It was unsuccessfully besieged by the Tai-ping rebels. In 1042 it was inundated by its own friends, having been besieged for six months by 100.000 rebels. The general who came to its relief conceived the idea of raising the siege by laying the surrounding country under water. With this end in view he broke down the embankments by which the Yellow River is kept in its course (the bottom of the river being higher than the surrounding country) , and, while he succeeded in drowning the rebels, the city was overwhelmed and 300,000 of the inhabitants drowned. Here are found the rem- nants of a colony of .Jews who entered China during the Han dynasty or earlier. They were discovered in the seventeenth . century by the Jesuit missionary ^latteo Ricci, In 1164 they had built a fine synagogue, with Imperial per- mission, but in the numerous disasters which have overtaken the city this, and several others which had followed were ruined, and now little remains but dcliris to mark its site. They were visited in 1850 by a native Christian deputa- tion, sent by the Bishop of Hong Kong, and Dr. .Medhunt, of the London Missionary Society, who obtained some of their Helirew Scriptures and transcribed two of their historical tablets which .still remained. When they were visited later the remaining rolls of the Law were pur- chased. They had taken to eating pork, however, and they are now scarcely distinguisliable from the Chinese [lopulalion. They were known as the Tiito Kin IJuiig ('the sect which plucks out the sinew'), in allusion to a well-known .Icwish cus- tom. KAI KATXr KHAN, ki ka'ti.i K:in. See Jlo.NOOL DyN/VSTIES. KAILAS, ki-liis'. The highest peak of the Gangri ilountains in Tibet. It is situated near the Indian boundary, between the sources of the Indus and the Brahmaputra, and has an altitude of over 22.000 feet (Map: India, D 2). It is held in high veneration by the Hindus, who considered it the abode of the gods. KAILASA, ki-lii'sa. The most important of the rockcut temples at Ellora, India, constructed about A.D. 1000. The exterior of the temple is separated from the original granite clilT in which it was cut by a broad passage, with ponds, obe- lisks, colonnades, and sphinxes. The walls are covered with sculiitures of colossal figures. The entrance hall, 137 by 88 feet, with several rows of columns, leads to a chamber 244 by 147 feet, containing the sanctuary, cut from a single block. The roof is supported by four rows of columns, with colossal elephants. The temple, with a pyramidal dome, measures 101 feet by 50. Its height varies from 10 to 00 feet. On its walls are sculptured images of all the Indian divinities, and scenes from the Mahabharata and Rania- yana. KAILYARD SCHOOL. A nickname applied to the writers Avliose themes are drawn from peasant life in Scotland. The tcnn is taken from the motto of Ian JIaclaren's Bonnie Brier- Bnih. "There grows a bonnie brier-bush in our kailyard." KAIN, John .Joseph (I84I-I903). An Ameri- can Roman Catholic archbishop. He was born at Martinsburg, Va. (now West Virginia) ; was educated at Saint Charles's College. Ellicott City, Md., and at Saint Mary's Seminary, Balti- more: and was ordained in 18G0. For several years his parish duties extended over eight coun- ties in West Virginia and four in Virginia. He was consecrated Bishop of Wheeling in 1875. and was made coadjutor to Archbishop Kenrick of Saint Louis in 1891 ; administrator of the arch- diocese in 1893; and Archbishop in 1896. KAINITE (from Gk. Kaivis. kainos, new). A mineral made up of magnesium sulphate, potassium chloride, and water of crystallization. Its crystals are monoclinic and have a vitreous lustre. When pure the mineral is colorless, but impurities usually impart to it a color that varies from white to dark red. It generally occurs in the form of granular masses, being chiefly found at Stassfurt. Germany, and in Galieia. It is useful in the arts, mainly on
