KALCKRETJTH. 369 KALERGIS. (Posen). From 1840 to 1845 he was a lieu- tenant iu the First Guards Regiment, stationed at Potsdam, wlicre he was a pupil of Wegener. He then resigned from the service, and studied under Krause in Berlin and Schirmer at the Diisseklorf Academy. His earlier works obtained for him from Frederick William IV. of Prussia an appointment as professor and the small gold medal. He founded the art school which was opened at Weimar in I860, and was its director until 1870. Subsequently he established himself at Kreuznach, and in 1883 at jNIunich. Ex- tensive travels, particularly in the Alps and the Pyrenees, enabled him to acquire valuable material for his numerous pictures of mountain scenery. These — especially so the Alpine views — are notable for their breadth of manner and skillful light and shade effects. They promi- nentlv include: "Lac de Gaube" (1855), "Cani- gai Valley" (18.50). "Rosenlaui Glacier" (1878), all in the National Gallery, Berlin ; "Lake in the Pyrenees" (1858. Kunigsberg Museum). The Orangery, near Potsdam, also contains a series of twenty-five landscapes by him. KALE (Scotch variant of cole, AS. caiol, Icel. Ao/, OHG. koJ, choli, Ger. Kohl, cabbage, from Lat. caiilis, cabbage, Gk. /cai/Xis. kuulos, stalk; connected with Lat. cavus, Gk. koiXos, koUos, hol- low), or Borecole (Ger. Kohl). A cultivated variety of Brassica oleracea, dift'ering from cab- bage in the open heads of leaves, which are used for culinary purposes and also as food for cattle. There are many subvarieties. Most of the kinds are biennial, like the cabbage, but some may be reckoned perennial, as the Milan kale (chou, de Milan), and are frequently propagated by cut- tings. Kale is mucli cultivated as a winter vegetable. The mode of cultivation nearly agrees with that of cabbage. For illustration, see Plate of Cabbage. KALE, Sea. A vegetable grown for its edible shoots. See Sea-Kale. KALEEGE, ka-lej', or KALIJ. A native name given to a group of rather small pheasants inhabiting the hills along the southern front of the Himalayan range from Nepal to China and in the Malayan Islands. There are a dozen or more species of the genus Gennseus (or Euplo- camus) characterized by medium size, generally dark but richly glossy plumage, and recumbent crests, with the sides of the head naked. The males have spurs. Horsfield's pheasant of Assam is the darkest and most t.ypical. The white- crested and black-crested are well-known forms in Northern India, much pursued by sportsmen; and fhe Chinese silver pheasant (Ornnwus nyc- Ihemerus) is the most striking in appearance, as its upper plumage is white, ornamented with dark markings. It has long been reared in European parks. See Phe.sants ; and Plate of Phe,sants. KALEI'DOSCOPE (from Gk. xaXis, kalos, beautiful -|- efSos, eidos, form + aKo-weiv, slco- prin. to view). An optical instrument invented by Sir David Brewster in 1816. It consists of a tube containing two plane mirrors placed length- wise along the axis and hinged together along one edge, so as to make with each other an angle which is an aliquot part of 180°. One end is supplied with an eyeglass, and the other is closed by two glass plates, at a small distance from each other, and between which are placed little fragments of glass or other colored objects. The eye looking into the tube perceives these objects multiplied as many tunes as the angle which the rertecting planes make with each other is contained in the whole circumference of a circle, and always sj-mmetrically disposed. The slightest shaking of the instrument produces new figures, and it is not only a pleasing toy, but has been used to suggest designs and pat- terns for carpets, wall-papers, and other fabrics. KAL^ENDS (Lat. kalendm, abbrev. kal, or h., from calare, Gk. KaXeiv, kalein, to summon ; con- nected with OHG. holOn, Ger. holen, AS. gehalian, Kng. hale; not akin to Eng. call). The Romans made a threefold division of the month into Kalends, Nones, and Ides. The Kalends always fell upon the first of the month; in March, May, July, and October, the Nones fell on the seventh, and the Ides on the Fifteenth ; and in the re- maining months, the Nones on the fifth and the Ides on the thirteenth. The Kalends were so named because it was an old custom of the college of priests on the first of the month to call (or assemble, calare) the people together to inform them of the festivals and sacred days to be observed during the month ; the Nones re- ceived their name from being the ninth day be- fore the Ides, reckoned inclusively ; and the Ides from an obsolete verb, signifying to divide, be- cause the.v nearly halved the month. This three- fold division also determined the reckoning of the days, which were not distinguished by the ordinal numbers first, second, third, etc., but as follows: Those between the Kalends and the Nones were termed 'the days before the Nones'; those between the Nones and the Ides, 'the days before the Ides'; and the remainder, 'the days lefore the Kalends' of the next month. Thus, the Ides of January happening on the thirteenth of that month, the next day would not be termed by a Latin writer the fourteenth, but the 'nine- teenth before the Kaiends of February.' reckon- ing inclusively — i.e. reckoning both the four- teenth of January and the first of February ; and so on to the last, which was termed pridie Kalendas. Ad Kalendas Grcecas was a Roman proverbial saying, practically equivalent to 'never.' The Roman Kalends were often appointed as days for payment of rent, interest, etc. ; but as the Greeks had no Kalends, a postponement of pay- ment 'to the Greek Kalends' simply meant a re- fusal to pay altogether. It is said that the Em- peror Augustus frequently used the phrase, which afterwards became a proverb. See Cal- endar. KALERGIS, ka-ler'ges. Demetbius (ISO."?- 67). A Greek soldier and statesman, born on the island of Crete. He was educated at Saint Petersburg, and afterwards studied medicine in Vienna. Upon the outbreak of the Greek Revo- lution in 1821 he went to Greece, distinguished himself in the War of Independence, and was taken prisoner by the Turks. He was very ac- tive in the revolution of 184.3. and was general and adjutant of King Otho, but resigned in 1845 and went to London, where he remained imtil 184S. Unsuccessful in his attempts at stirring up another revolution in Greece, he went to Paris in 185.3. In 1854 he was made Minister of War in the Mavrocordatos Slinistry, but fell into dis-
