KASSITES. 409 KASTNEK. 1338-1283). Kurigalzu invaded Elam and cap- tured the city of Susa; he also defeated Bil- nirari of Assyria. This war with Assyria was continued by Xaziniarultash (B.C. 1283-57), who was defeated by Adadnirari I. Kadashman Turgu (B.C. 12.57-40) was followed by Kadash- man Buriash (b.c. 1240-38), who fought with Shalmaneser I. of Assyria. After the reigns of Kudur Bil (li.c. 1238-32), Shagarakti Shuriash (B.C. 1232-19), and Bibiyashu (B.C. 1219-10), an Assyrian invasion led by Tukulti Xinip (c. 1210-05 B.C.) seems to have reduced the Baby- lonian kings Bilshumiddin (B.C. 1210-09). Ka- da.shman Charbi II. (n.c. 1209-07), and Adad- shuniiddin (B.C. 1207-02) to vassalage. But after several years of subjection the Babylonians made themselves independent, and placed Adad- shumuzur on the throne. He reigned for tliirty years (B.C. 1202-1172), and gained some suc- cesses against Assyria. The reign of Mill Shichu (B.C. 1172-56) was also marked by victories over the Assyrian King Xinipapalishara (B.C. 1175- 55) ; and his successor, Mardukapaliddin I. (B.C. 1156-43). maintained his power. But Zamania- shumiddin (B.C. 1143-40) and his successor. Bil- shumiddin (B.C. 1140-39), could not defend the land, which would have fallen into the hands of Assyria had not a powerful Chaldean invader, Nebuchadnezzar I., taken possession of the throne. This king styles himself 'Conqueror of Kassites' ; but this is not likely to imply a con- quest of Elam, which had long since ceased to be governed b.v the Kassite Dynasty in Babylon. Consult: Delitzsch, Die l^prache der Kossaer (Leipzig, 1884) ; Oppert, in Zcitschrift fiir As- syriologie (1888, p. 421 sqq. ; 1890, p. 106 sqq.) ; Lehmann, ib. (1892, p. 328 sqq.); id., Zwei Hauptproblcme 'ler all orient aJiachen Chrono- logic (Leipzig, 1898) : Tiele, Bahyloniarh-assy- ri'sche Geschichte (Gotha, 1886) ; Winckler, deschichte Bahijloniens and Assyriens (Leipzig, 1892) ; id., Alt orient alische Forschnngen (Leip- zig, 1892 sqq.) ; Hilprecht, Old Babylonian In- scriptions, i. (Philadelphia. 1893) : Rogers, A History of Babylonia and Assyria (Xew York, 1900) ;' Hiising^ "Elamische Studien," in J/((- teilunqen der Y orderasiatischen Gesellschaft (Berlin, 1898). KAS'SON, .Jonx Adam (1822 — ). An Ameri- can diplomat, born at Charlotte, Vt., of Scotch- Irish ancestry. He graduated at the L'niversity of Vermont in 1842, taught school for a year in Virginia, and then read law in the office of Emory ^'asllburn at Worcester, Mass., w'here he was admitted to the bar and practiced for some years. Removing to the West, he settled in 1857 in Iowa, where he entered politics, and in 1860, as chairman of the Republican State Committee, managed the Lincoln campaign. In recognition of his services Lincoln appointed him First As- sistant Postmaster-Cieneral. In 1863 he was sent as United .States Commissioner to the first Inter- national Postal Congress at Paris. From 1863 to 1867 he was a Republican member of Con- gress from Iowa, and in the latter year was again sent to Europe as a special commissioner, where he concluded postal treaties with six different nations. From 1868 to 1873 he was a member of the Iowa State Legislature, and from 1873 to 1877 again sat in Congress, leaving his seat in the latter year to accept the post of ^Minister to Austria-Hungary, tendered him by President Hayes. He returned to America in 1881, was again sent to Congress, was reelected in 1883^ and before his term was completed was named by President Arthur, in 1884, ilinister to Ger- many, where, before his recall by President Cleve- land in 1885, he served also as the United States- representative at the International Congo Con- ference at Berlin. In 1887 he wa.s president of the International Constitutional Centennial Com- mission at Philadelphia, and in 1889 was chair- man of the United States Commission to the International Samoan Conference at Berlin. His diplomatic experience and his knowledge of tariff problems, in which he had taken particular in- terest during his Congressional career, led in 1897 to his appointment as commissioner pleni- potentiary to negotiate reciprocity treaties with foreign powers iinder the provisions of the Ding- ley Act. In 1898 he was a member of the Ameri- can-Canadian -loint High Commission. In addi- tion to numerous essays and speeches, he pub- lished "A History of the Monroe Doctrine,"' in the North American. Remeip (1881), and a History of the Formation of the United States Constitution (1889). KASTAMUNI, kas'ta-moo'ne. The capitall of a vilayet of the same name in Asiatic Turkey^ in the northern part of Asia Minor. 36 miles from the Black Sea, 250 miles east of Constantinople- (Map: Turkey in Asia. E 2). On a rocky hill outside the town stands an old castle, and in the tovn are a large number of mosques, two Christian churches, several monasteries, and' some industrial establishments manufacturing cotton and leather goods. In the vicinity are- copper deposits, and Kastamuni was once fa- mous for its copper ware. The population is estimated at about 16.000 — Turks, Greeks, and' Armenians. KASTNER, kest'ner, Abraham GotthelF' ( 1719-1800) . A German mathematician and poet, born at Leipzig. He devoted himself to the study of law, and afterivards to philosophy, physics, and mathematics. In 1739 he Ijegan teaching mathematics, philosophy, and logic in the Uni- versity of Leipzig, and in 1746 was made profes- sor. In 1756 he was called to Ciiittingen as' professor of natural philosophy and geometry. His chief mathematical works are : .1 nfanasgriinde der JIathcmatik (4 vols., 17.58-69; 6th cd. 1800) ;, Vorlesungen- iiber Mathenuitik undl'hysik ( 1768) ; Astronomische Abliandlunqen (2 vols.. 1772-74) ; deschichte der Mathematik (4 vols.. 1796-1800). He is best known for his flinngedichtc (1781), a collection of witty and caustic epigrams. KASTNER, kiist'ner, .JoilAXX Georo (1810- 67 ) . A (Jcrnian composer and musical theorist. He was born at Strassburg, and studied under Maurer and Romer. He composed four operas, a list a V Wasa- (1832) ; Der Tod Oscars (1833) ; Der .S'fliY/.^ciie (1834) : and Die Konigin der Sar- mntcn (1S35) : and then went to Paris to con- tinue his studies under Berton and Reicha. There Ka.stner undertook recondite researches, published treatises on instrumentation, vocalization, etc., composed operas, and became famous as a teacher. He was founder and vice-president of the Asso- ciation des Artistes-musiciens. the recipient of many honors, and an officer of the Legion of Honor. Many of his text-books were approved by the Academy, and used in the Conserva- tory, among them his treatise on instrumenta- tion (1837), which remained the standard till
