KAUFFMANN. 414 KATIFMANN. ■whom was Goethe, who has given a trenchant characterization of her art. Her husband died in 1795. but she remained in Rome until !icr death, November 5, ISO". Slie was buried in the Church of San Andrea deUe Fratte, and her bust was placed in the Pantheon. Canova superin- tended the funeral, which was conducted with considerable pomp and attended by the academi- cians of Saint Luke. Angelica excelled in single figures and in por- traits, especially those of women. Tier liistorical paintings are poor in compusilinn : (he fij.rurcs are without variety or passion and lack virility, but they are marked by grace and charm and are al- ways pleasing. Jlany of her pictures were engraved by the best engravers of the day. Among the his- torical paintings of her early period (before 1781) are: The "Mother of the Gracchi;" the "Sacrifice of Messalina;" "Edgar and Elliel- frida;" "Anna and Abra;" "Samma at Benonni's Grave," presented to the poet Klopstock. Espe- cially good is "Psyche Drying (lipid's Tears." Her other works include the "Death of Econardo da Vinci" (1781) ; "Scrvius Tullius as a Child" (1784); the "Adieux of Abelard and Hcloise;" "Hermitage, Saint Petersburg;" "Ariadne and Theseus," and the well-known "Vestal Virgin," in the Dresden (Jallery: "Christ and the Woman of Samaria" (1709) ; "Virtue Directed by Prudence to Withstand the Solicitations of Folly" (now in Philadelphia), painlcd in connection with her husband. Among her best portraits arc tlinse of herself in the National Gallery (London), the Berlin Mn.seum. the ^lunich and I'flizi galleries (Florence) ; Uaphael Slengs and Lady Hamilton, in the South Kensington Mu.seum. Consult : De Rossi, Viln di Aupclica Kauffmnnn (Florence, 1810) ; Wessely, in Dohme, Kiinst viid KiinstUr (Leipzig, 1817) ; Sehram, Die ilalcrin Anpelika Kiiuffmann (T?riinn. 1890) ; (Jerard, .In- gelica Kuiiffmann (London, 1893). KAUFFMANN, Friedrich (18(53—). A Ciermanic scliular, professor at the Univer- sity of Kiel, lie was born at Stuttgart, and be- came an editor of the Xcifsclirift fiir dciitsrlic Philolopie and a eontribut(U- to Paul's Orundriss der (jerninnisvhcn Pliildhifi'ir. His |iriiici])al works arc: Deutsche Gram inn tile (last edition 1895) ; fteschichte dcr schti:(ibischcn. ilundurt (1890); Deutsche Uytholoffic (last edition 1892) ; Deutsche Meirik (1897): Phili]ti> Mehinchthnn (1897); Goethe (1899); and Texte and Vntcr- suchuiifjen ziir all r)ermanischcn Religionsge- schichie, vol. i. (1899). KAUFFMANN, Hico (1844—). A German genre painlcr. son of Hermann KaufTmann. He was born at Haml)urg. studied wider Becker and Zwerger at Frankfort, and then in Diisseldorf and Paris, and in 1871 settled in Munich. Among his pictures, which are full of life, all col- ored in the manner of the old Dutch masters, and treat espeeiallv the humor of peasant life, the best known are: "Waltz for the OKI Folks" (1870): "Auction" (1873): "Wandering Musi- cians" (1870): "Quarrel Over Cards" (1883); and "A Post Station" (lS8fi). i[any of his pen- and-ink drawings have become popular through, frequent reinoduction by photogravure. KATJFMANN. The correct name of the Ger- man mathematician better known as Nicolaus Mercator (q.v.). KAUFMANN, Alexaxder (1817-93). A German pod. born in Bonn. He studied in the university of his native city, hut his pref- erence was always for the literature and his- tory of the Middle Ages. He published several volumes of crsc. whose freshness and vigor soon made him one of the favorite poets of the Rhine- land. In 1857 he married the Nuremberg i)oet Mathilde Binder, who, under the jicn-nanie of Amara ticorge, wrote ISIiiten dcr Xacht (1850), and 1 iidiiiDrntuttlirn (1850). Kaiifmann's works incluile: Ciisnriiis rrm Ilristirlnich (1802); Gc- dichic { 1852 ) ; Mainsaycn ( 1853) , and i'ntcr den j;che,i (1871). KATJFMANN, Geouo Heinricii (1842-). A German bislorian, boiii at Miinden and educated at Halle and at GiUtiug<'U. where be studied uiiler Waitz. From 1805 to 1888 he taught in the gymnasium of Giittingen and the lyceiuu of Strassburg. He became professor of history at Miinster (1889), and then at Breslau (1891). His chief works are: Deutsche (Jcschichte bis auf Karl den Grossen (1880-81): (Icschichtc der dcutschcn IJiiiversitiitcii (1888-90); and I'oli- tischc dcschichte Dcutschlatids t»i neunzehnten Jahrhuiidrrt (1900). KAUFMANN, Konstantin Petroitch (1818-82). A Russi:in general, born near Ivan- gorod. He won distinction first as an engi- neer, and afterwards served as chief of stalT in the Caucasus. Later he served for a time in the War Department, and aided in reorgan- izing the army. In 1805 he was made Governor- General of the Northwestern Region and com- mander of the troops of the Military Divisicm of Vilna, and in 18G7 of the newly fcu'mcd Division of Turkestan. In the latter position he won great distinction by his success in strengthening and extending Russian inlluenee in Central Asia, lie waged ;• successful war against Bokhara, took Samarkand in 18(!8. subjugated the Khan of Khiva in 1873, and annexed what was left of the old Khanate of Khokand. KAUFMANN. Rrh.vrd von (18.50—). A German econnmist. born in Cologne. He studied at the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg, and Berlin, became a teacher and a professor, and for a short time held a position in the Finance Min- istry. His numerous ])ub!ieations include: Die Yertretuny der tcirlsihafllichcn Interessen in den ^(aatcn liuropns (1879) : L'associalinii douanirre de I'Europe cent rale (1879); Die Fiiinnzrn Fratil.-rcichs (1882). which was translated into French by Dulaurier; and Dif iiffcntUchcn Aus- fiaben dcr firossercn curopiiischeii JAindcr nach ikrer Zireckbe&timmuuf) (3d ed. 1893). He is al.'^o known through his arch.Tological work and through the excavations in Syria, Asia Minor, and Egypt sugi-ested by him. KAUFMANN, Tiieodor (1814—). A Ger- man historical painter. He was born at Uel- sen, Prussia. He studied painting in Ham- burg and Minieh under Kanlbach. Because r.f the political troubles in Germany he came in 1855 to the United States. In the Civil War he served in the army, and afterwards lived in Boston. His chief pictures are: "On to Liberty." "General Sherman Near the Watch-Fire." "A Pacific Railway Train Attacked by Indians." "Slaves Seeking Shelter Under the American Flag," "Farragut in the Rigging," "Portrait of
