KAULBACH. 416 KAUTSKY. hach (Berlin, 1813) ; Woltmann, Vier Jahrhun- dcrte nicdcrUindisch-deutscher Kunstgeschichte (Berlin, 1878). KAULBABS, ki)ul'l);irs, Alexandek, IJiiron (1844—). A Kussiau geueral and tritvclcr, horn in Saint Pettrsburg. Having boon siMit to Asia on military servict, he climbed the 'I'ian Shan Mountains to the headwaters of the >.aryn, and he went also on the Amu Darya expedition (1873). At the close of the Russo-Turkish War he was one of the boundary commissioners for the delimitation of the Servian frontier. In 1882, at the instigation of the Czar, he was made Bul- garian Minister of War, and in that position labored to promote Russian inlliience in Bulgaria, but he was soon recalled. He was later made lieutenant-general and commander of a cavalry corps. His travels are recorded in the Mcnioires of the Saint Petersburg Geographical Society. KAULBABS, Xikolai, Baron (1842—). A Russian suklier. born at Saint Petersburg, brother of Alexander. He became a member of the Rus- sian General Staff in 18G8, in 1875-70 was de- tailed to Berlin for the study of German military methods, subsequently took part in the Russo- Turkish War, and was a member of the Monte- negrin Boundary Commission. In 1880 he was dis[)atched to Sofia fi}r the purpose of promoting Russian supremacy in Bulgaria. His bruscpie proceedings effected little. He was appointed chief of the General Staff of the Sixth Army Corps in 1889, with headquarters at Warsaw. His writings include The Qerman Army (in Rus- sian, 1890), and The Armies of the Triple Al- liance (also in Russian; in a French Iranslation, Les armies de la Triple Alliance, Paris, 1893). KAULEN", kou'len, Franz (1827—). A Ger- man Roman t'atholic theologian. He was born at Diisseldorf, was educated at Bonn, and be- came a priest of the Roman Catholic Cliurch in 1850. In 1803 he was appointed a lecturer at Bonn, in ISSO professor, and in 1802 Papal do- mestic chaplain. He published Die Sprachrerair- ruiKj zu Hahel (1801). Geschichte der Vidgata (ISOO). Handbuch zur Vulgata (1870), Assyrien vnd Bahylonirn luich den ncuc.ilcn Entdeclnintjen (4th ed.' 1891), and other works. He also fin- ished the preparati(m. begun by Hcrgenriither, of the second edition of Wetzerand Wclte'.s,A'i»-cftrn- lexikon, odrr EncylcJirjtiidie drr kntliolischen The- olofite und ihrer HiHfinis>irnxch(tflcii ( Freiburg- im-Breisgau, 12 vols., 1882-1901), the chief reli- gious encyclopaedia of the Roman Catholic Church. KATJNTTZ, kou'nits, Wenzel Anton Domi- NIK, Prince (1711-94). An Austrian statesman. He was born at Vienna, February 2, 1711, stud- ied at Vienna, Leipzig, and Leyden ; traveled in England, France, and Italy, and in 1735 was made an Imperial councilor. He was employed on diplomatic missions to Rome, Florence, and Turin in 1741-42. was Austrian ^Minister at the Court of Charles of Lorraine, Governor of the Austrian Netherlands in 1744-45, and in 1740 ar- ranged wWn the French the stipulations for the withdrawal of the Austrian troops from Brussels and Antwerp, He took an important part "as Imperial ambassador in 1748 in the negotiations at Aix-la-Chapelle which closed the War of the Austrian Succession, and after the conclusion of peace became a member of the Privy Council, in which capacity he first conceived the plan of an alliance between Austria and France, against what Kaimitz rightfully thought to be the dan- gerous ascendency of Prussia. He was Ambas.sa- dor at Paris from 1750 to 1753. In 1753 he became Chancellor and Minister of Foreign Af- fairs, and in 1750 etrected the Austro-Freneh coalition against Frederick the Great. (See Seven Year.s' Wak. ) Througliout the lifetime of ilaria Theresa, and to a lesser degree under her sons, Joseph II. and Leopold II., he contin- ued at the head of foreign affairs. Though un- successful in his attempts to check the power of Prussia, he represented Austria's interests suc- cessfully in the first partition of Poland (1772), and in 1775 acquired Bukowina from the Turks. He was narrow in his political views, regarding exclusively the supposed interests of Austria, but sincere and upriglit according to his notiun of his duty. He took an active part in the reform measures of .loseph II., and was a liberal patron of the arts and sciences. He retired from pul>lic life wlien Francis II. ascended the throne ( 1792) , and (Iic<l .hine 27, 1794. Consult the autliorities cited under .Tosepii II., ILria Theresa, and Leo- I'OLU 11. Sec AtTSTKIA-HlNGARY. KAUPERT, kou'pert. Gustav (1819-97), A German sculptor, born at Cassel. He studied at the School of Arts, and continued at the Munich Academy as the pupil of Schwanthaler, During his stay in Rome, whither he had gone with a Government stipend, he became so favorably known as to receive important orders from Amer- ica, and executed after Crawford's design all the accessory figures for the Washington .biiinmenl, also the colossal statue of America and tbc figures on the frontispiece of the Capitol in Washington, Besides a number of mythological and allegorical groups and statues, his original creations include a "Sleeping Lion" (1874), monument to the Hes- sians fallen in battle, in the Karlsaue at Cassel; a marble group, in heroic size, of "Christ and the Four Fvangclists" (1887), in the Basilica at Treves; and the statue of Emperor William I. (1891) in the Romersaal at Frankfort, where he was professor at the Stiidel Institute from 1807 to 1892, KATIBI, kou're, or KOWBIE, or KAWRI PINE {Anathis Australia). A beautiful New Zealand coniferous tree which sometimes attains a height of 180 feet or more, and which is noted for its dark, dense foliage. The timber is white, close-grained, durable, flexible, very valuable for masts, yards, and planks, and tor nearly all kinds of building and implements on accoimt of its su- periority to other timbers. It is much used for masts lor the British Navy. The Fiji Islands, New Hebrides, and .Australia produce other spe- cies, the timber of which is sold under the name of kauri pine, although there are differences in quality. They all produce a resin called kauri resin, or kauri gum. and sometimes Australian copal and .-Vustralian dammar, of which large quantities arc exported, chiefly from New Zea- land, It is used for making varnishes. This gum is of a dull amber color and is sometimes found in pieces weighing 100 poimds by digging where forests of these trees have formerly grown. When collected fresh from the trees it is whitish. KAURI GUM. A New Zealand gum pro- duced by the kauri pine (q.v.). See Dammar. KAUTSKY. kout'skl. Karl Johann (1854 — ). A German socialist, bom at Prague and
