KAYE. 419 KAZOO. Government (18o3) ; Aiilubiography of Miss Cor- nelia Knight^ Lady Companion to the Princess Charlotte of Wales (2 vols., ISOl) : and. with J. F. Watson, Taylor's People of India (1808). In 1871 he was created a Knight Commander of the Star of India. Tline years later he resigned his appointment, owing to ill health. KAY SHUT'TLEWORTH, Sir James Phil- Lirs (1804-77). An English educational reform- er. He was born at Rochdale. Lancashire: was a bank clerk for several years, and from 1824 to 1827 studied medicine at Edinburgh. He prac- ticed at Manchester, devoting himself to sanitary refoims and to the advance of the Free Trade movement, and becoming assistant poor-law com- missioner in 1835. In this way his attention was attracted to educational reforms; in 1841 he wrote a report on the training of the poor, having established a normal school at Battersea, largely from his own resources, in 1839. His plan was successful, and on it is based the English system of popular education. He was a member of the Central Relief Committee during the Lancashire famine at the time of the American Civil War, and was prominent in the organization of the Liberals in his country. He wrote, among several pamphlets on education, Four Periods of Public Education (1862) ; and two novels dealing with life in Lancashire 'thirty' and "sixty years ago' (1800 and 1874). KAZAN, or KASAN, ka-zan'. A government of European Russia, bounded by the Government of Vyatka on the north, Ufa and Samara on the east. Samara and Simbirsk on the south, and Xizhni-Xovgorod on the west (Map: Russia, G 31. Area, 24,000 square miles. The district is divided into three parts by the Volga and its tributary the Kama. In the north there are swamps and hea'V' forests: in the southeast, steppes: in the southwest, somewhat broken dis- tricts. During the springtime large areas are submerged by the rivers. Kazan is also traversed by the Vetluga and the Vyatka. The soil is generally good. The minerals are not im- portant. Tlie forests occupy over 30 per cent, of the area, and the arable land about 50 per cent. The chief industry is agriculture, including gardening and fruit-raising, although certain lines of house industries are well developed. The chief manufacturing establishments are flour- mills, distilleries, soap-factories, tanneries, etc. Kazan contains a large number of river ports on the Volga and the Kama, and carries on an ex- tensive trade with Asiatic Russia. Population, in 1897. 2.204.027, composed of Russians. Tatars, and Tchuvashes. Most of the population belong to the Russian Church. The ilohammedans num- ber over 600.000, and there are a few thousand heathen. Capital. Kazan (q.v. ). Up to the thirteenth century the present Govemnient of Kazan formed a |)art of the dominions of the northern Bulgarians. Conqiiered by the Tatars in the thirteenth century, it was formed in 1438 into a separate khanate, which was, however, overtlunwii by the Russians in 1552. KAZAN, or KASAN. Capital of the Russian government of the same name (q.v.), situated on the Kazanka, 195 miles east of Xizhni-Xovgorod (Map: Russia, G 3). At the northeni end of the city is situated the Kremlin. It con- tains the sixteenth-century cathedral with the image of the Virgin Jlother of Kazan, held in high veneration by all orthodox Russians; a monastery; an orphan asylum,' as well as aii arsenal; and the palace of the Governor. The town proper is divided into several quarters, o'f which two are inhabited by Tatars. Kazan pos- sesses a large number of churches, monasteries, mosques, synagogues, and monuments. Among them is a truncated pyramid built in 1812-23 to commemorate the capture of the city in 1552. The University of Kazan, founded in 1804 by Alexander I., has four faculties and an attend- ance of 850. There are attached to it an obser- vatory, a botanical garden, an ethnographical museum, and a library of 150,000 volumes, in- cluding many Jlongol and Tatar manuscripts. There are in Kazan, besides two theological semi- naries, a teachers' seminary, a military school, and a theatre. The manufacturing industries are of consider- able importance. Leather (especially Russian leather), soap, textiles, iron and steel, and wooden articles are manufactured on an extensive scale. There is also some ship-building. Kazan is an important centre in the commerce between European and Asiatic Russia. The annual trade is estimated at over -SSO.OOO.OOO. The city pos- sesses a stock exchange and electric railways, is the seat of an archbishop, and of many iloham- medan dignitaries. Population, in 1897, 131.508, including about 30.000 Tatars. The original town of Kazan was founded in the thirteenth cen- tury, about thirty miles northeast of the present town. It was destroyed by the Russians in 1399, and rebuilt on the present site by the Khan of the Golden Horde in 1437. It soon became the capital of the Tatar Khanate of Kazan. In 1552 the Ru-ssians under Ivan the Terrible took the town after a bloody siege, and its fall put an end to the khanate. KAZANLIK, ka-zan'lek, or KASANLIK. A town of Eastern Rumelia, Bulgaria, situated on a tributary of the Tunja, at the base of the Balkan Mountains, and five miles south of the Shipka Pass (Map: Balkan Peninsula, E 3). It lies amid flower-gardens; its chief industry is the manufacture of oil of roses. During the Russo- Turkish War Kazanlik was an important centre of nulitary operations, and was occupied by the Russian forces on January 7, 1878. Population, in 1893, 10.765, mostly Bulgarians. KAZINCZY, kozlnt-se, Ferexcz (1759-1831). An Hungarian author and editor, whose writings include plays, poems, travel sketches, and trans- lations from various langimges. He studied law, but followed literature as a profession, and by earnest and persistent efl'ort, producing original works and translating no slight amount from French, English, German, and the classical lan- guages, he did much to restore the Magvar lan- guage and to oust Latin. In 1794, having been concerned in a political conspiracy, he was brought to trial and sentenced to death, but he obtained a commutation and was imprisoned for several years. After his liberation, in 1801, his life was peacefully occupied in general literary pursuits. KAZOO'. A toy wind instrument, resembling a whistle, about four and a half inches long, open at each end. and having seven orifices to allow the passage of the air. These openings do not require fingering, and by simply talking, whistling, or singing into it, any tune may be given, or the voice of any animal imitated.
