KBBL£. 424 KEEL. essay in Shairp, Htudies in Poetry and Philosophy (Kiiinbir{;li. 1808). KEBLE COLLEGE. A college of Oxford liii- versity. It was fouiiiitd in ISTl) by subscript ion iu memory of the Rev. John Keble, 'icar of Hursley, sometime fellow and tutor of Oriel College, professor of poetry in tlie imiversity, and the author of The Christian Yenr. It was author- ized by a statute of the university, passed in 1871, regarding new foundations, and was in- tended to provide econoniioal living for students, and Christian training based on Church of Kng- land principles. The college is governed by a warden and a council of from nine to twelve meml)ers. the whole charge of education and discipline being lodged in the hands of the war- den. The establishment is large, consisting of a warden, a subwarden, a bursar, ten tutors, a precentor, thirteen scholars, and eight exhibi- tioners, with, in all. about two hundred and fifty undergraduates. The buildings, built of brick, a unique feature in Oxford anhilecture. arc ex- tensive. The chapel is especially noteworthy, among its treasures l>eing Hol:;ian Hunfs jiicture, the "Light of the World." The college presents to thirty-three livings, most of them of consider- able ini])ortance. KECHTJ'A. A South American Indian stock. See Qriciii A. KECSKEMET, kgchlie-mat. A town of Hun- gary, situated in an agricultural district 05 miles by rail south-southeast of Budajiest (Ma]): Hun- gary, F 3). It is a scattered town, with a num- ber of secondary educational institutions, but without any buildings of note. It is well known for its annual cattle fair, and has aUo an exten- sive trade in the fruit which is cultivated ex- tensively in the vicinity. Population, in IStlO, 49.(i00:"in IflOO. 57.812.' mostly Roman Catholic ' Magyars. KEDAR'S TENTS. An expression denoting the transitory habitations in the wilderness of this world, referring to Northern Arabia. KEDGE (perhaps connected with dialectic Swed. /,c7.<i. to tug). A small anchor. It is used for various purposes, such as hauling the stern of a siiip to one side or the other or hauling a ship frojn one part of the harbor to another. See AXCHOB. KED'ZIE, Robert Cr..^RK (1823-1902). An American chemist. He was born at Delhi, N. Y. ; was largely self-educated before his entrance to Oberlin College, from which he was graduated in 1847 : and spent the following years studying medicine in the University of Michigan, He prac- ticed at Vermimtville. Mich,, frcmi 18.52 until the outbreak of the Civil War. and. after serving as surgeon in the army, resumed the pract ice of medicine, at Lansing, He was elected to the chair of chemistry in the Michigan Agricultural College in 1863, and to the State Legislature in 1870. As president of the State Board of Health, he paid special attention to arsenical wall-papers, and invented an oil-tester for the detection of in- ferior and dangerous grades of oil. But his most imimrtant service was to agricultural ehemistrr. KEE'FER, Samuel (1811 — ). A Can.adian civil engineer. He was born in the Province of Ontario, and after an education for the profes- sion of civil engineer, obtained Oovernment em- plo>Tiient in the Province of Quebec, Besides the regular work of responsible positions in connection with the Grand Trunk Railway, he was deputy commissioner of public works,andan official ins|)ec- tor of Canadian railways. He was among the first to urge the construction of the Sault Sainte Marie Canal, and made a survey for that purpose in 1832. and be took part in building the lirst suspension bridge at Niagara Falls, which was completed in I8(>!>, He was resident engineer ot the (irand Trunk Railway, and had charge of the division i)ctiecn .Nbjnlreal and Kingston, In 1880 the Conscr-ative Covernnicnt of Sir .John A, ilacdonald made him a meml)er of the com- mission to inquire into the condition and prog- ress of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the con- struction of which was tlien being pushed. KEEPER, TiiOM,s Coltri.x (1821—), A Canadian •■ivil engineer. He was born at Thor- old, Ontario, and was educated at Upjier Canada College, Toronto. He was first employed on the Erie Canal, and afterwards on the Welland Canal, where he remained until 18-t.T, when he was placed in charge of the Ottawa River works. In 1850 he was employed by the Government to make a sur- vey of the rapids of the Saint Lawrence, and to explore the region between the Saint Lawrence and the headwaters of the Saint .John for the purpose of establishing intercolonial comnmniea- tion by canal or railway, Subseciuently he made surveys for the Cirand Trunk Riiilway, and for the Victoria Bridge across the Saint Lawrence at ^Montreal, Ho served as a commissioner from Canada at the international exhibitions in Lon- don in 1851 and in 1862, and in Paris in 1878. He was appointed to determine upon the practicabil- ity of a ship canal between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic, and on this question published a monograph in 1804, Mr, Keefer brought about the change on Canadian railways from the nar- row gauge to the standard g-auge. His puldica tions include Philosophy of Kaihcays (1840) und The Influence of the Canals of Canada on Her Agriculture (1850). KEEL (Icel. kjolr, Dan. kjol, Swed. kol, keel). In wooden ships the keel is a construction of rectangular sections made up of timbers scarfed and bolted together: it is tlie first part of the ship to be laid upon the building-blocks, hence the term Ini/inii of the keel is synonymous with beginning the actual eonstiuction of a ship. It extends from the stern-post (or rudder-post in wood-built single-screw steamers) to the fore- toot, where it is joined to the stem by the gripe and apron. In iron and steel steamers the keel consists of the vertical keel-plates and the Hat keel-plates, the former being usually referred to as the keel. The vertical keel is internal, and in vessels having double bottoms extends from the i)ottom plating or flat keel to the inner bottom. Iron and steel sailing ships and some steamers have external bar or hollow, keels. In all kinds of vessels the keel is one of the principal longi- tudinal ties holding the ship together and stiffen- ing her in the direction of her length. To reduce the angle of roll in modern men-of-war hiliii keels are fitted. These consist of plating extending longitudinally like an external keel, but at the turn of Hie bilge, for about three-fifths the length amidship. The section of this keel is usually that of a veri' acute isosceles triangle with its base against the ship's bottom: the sides consist of plating and the space inside is ordinarily filled in with wood. (See Bilge.) Instead of t!sing bilge-keels, merchant vessels are usually
