KILN. 493 KILPATBICK. ing takes from rix to ten days, and the cooling from six to twelve days. Charcoal-Kilns, when of a permanent char- acter (see CuABCOAL), are dome-shaped struc- tures, with doors, a grate, ash-pit. and an out- let near the top for the volatile products. LiME-KiLXs are .similar to the dome kilns used Fig. 4. BRICK AND BBICK-LI.VED lEON OR STEEL LIME-KILNS. for burning cement. Two types are shown in section lierevvith, one built of brick, and another of iron or steel, with a fire-brick lining. PoTTEBY-KiLNS are of many kinds, depending upon the w-are that is to be burned and the con- sequent amount of heat required. Earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain each require different degrees of heat, the intensity varying in the order named. Almost all pottery requires a second or third firing. (See Pottery.) Each firing is performed in a separate oven. In the biscuit- oven the temperature is believed to reach 2500 degrees Fahrenheit, in the gloss or glaze ovens 1900 degrees, and in the enamel oven not more than 1400 degrees. Porcelain is first carefully packed in fire-clay boxes called saggers, and these are piled up in stacks called bungs in the kiln, an average kiln holding forty or fifty bungs. The kilns arj usually built on the 'down-draught' prin- ciple. Forty or fifty hours are usually necessary for the fir-t firing of the pottery, and as many Fig. 6. ELEVATION AND SECTION OF TERRA-roTTA KILN. more are allowed for it to cool off. Stoneware- kilns are slightly different in construction, open shelves taking the place of the saggers. They are generally very large, and the whole process of burning requires from 7 to 14 days. The up- per parts of these stoneware-kilns are often used for burning terra-cotta or unglazed wares. Pot- tery-kilns are usually in the form of a tall cylinder of various dimensions, from 15 to 30 feet in diameter, 15 to 20 feet high, and termi- nated by a truncated cone of about two-thirds the height of the cylindrical part. Tekra-Cotta Kil.s are generally of the bee- hive, down-draught style. Heat is applied for 10 to 14 days, at a temperature of some 2300 degrees Falirenheit, producing a white lieat in the clay and the formation of an effervescence of alkaline salts, which, with the silicates, produce a vitrified coating. The foregoing a])plies to face and forma of ornamental terracotta. Porous terracotta tiles (see Tiu:s) are burned for a much shorter period, the sawdust mi.xed with clay being con- sumed during the process. iSeuer-pipe is gener- ally burned in round, down-draught kilns, the process requiring from five to seven days. Con- sult the various annual issues of The Mineral Industry of the United States (New York), for the prevailing practice in various industries and localities. KILO- (from Gk. x^">', chilioi, thousand). A prefix meaning one thousand, and employed in the metric system to denote that the given magni- tude is one thousand times larger than the funda- mental unit. Thus a kilometer is 1000 meters, a kilogram 1000 grams, etc. Kilo is also em- ployed as an abbreviated form of kilogram. KILOWATT (from Gk. x'X'oi, chilioi, thou- sand + Eng. watt, from the Scotch engineer James Watt). One thousand watts: a unit of power. See Watt; Electrical Units. KILPAT'RICK,- Hugh Judson (1836-81). An American soldier, one of the most brilliant cavalry leaders on the Federal side in the Civil War. He was born near Deckertown. X. J., grad- uated at West Point in 1861, and on May 9 entered the Federal service as captain in the Fifth Xew York Volunteers, generally known as Duryca's Zouaves. He was wounded at Big Bethel on .Tune 10, was engaged in organizing a regiment of cavalry in August, and on September 25 became lieutenant-colonel of the Second Xew York Cavalrv. From 1S62 to 1804 he took a prominent part in nearly all the cavalry opera- tions connected with the campaigns of the Army of Virginia and the Army of the Potomac, making innumerable raids and gathering information of Confederate movements. In one of his raids in 1863 he covered more than 200 miles in less than five days, foutrlit skirmishes daily, and during this time captured and paroled more than 800 prisoners, with a loss to liimself iif only one offi- cer and thirty-seven men. In the second battle of Bull Run. and afterwards in the battle of Get- tysburg, he served with conspicuous gallantry. In December, 1862. he was promoted to he colonel, and in June, 1863. to be brigadier- general. United States Volunteers, while he re- ceived the brevet of major and lieutenant-colonel in the Regular Army for gallantry at Aldie. Va., and Gettysburg, respectively. In March. lSfi4. he participated in a celebrated raid toward Rich- mond and down the Virginia Peninsula, and in .pril was placed in command of a division of cavalry in the Army of the Cumberland, then eniraged. . under Sherman, in the invasion of Georgia. He was wounded at Resaca, but re- covered in time to do efficient service in guarding Sherman's communications. At the close of the
