KIOTO. 517 KIPLING. There are many schools, including five of the higher middle schools, and a training college for teachers. Population, in 1898, 353,139. KIOWA, ke'6-wa. An important Plains tribe, apparently constituting a distinct linguistic slock. The popular name is a corruption of Ka-i-gitm, the name by which they call them- selves. According to their ovm traditions, which arc borne out by those of other tribes, they at one time lived in the Rocky Mountains of west- ern Montana on the headwaters of the Missouri and t'olunibia rivers. From this position they moved out into the plains and formed an alliance with (lie Crow, for whom tlicv still entertain a friendly feeling. Following the bulValo herds and pressed by the Siou.x and Cheyenne, they moved southward, halting for a time in the Black Hills, then making their camps upon the Platte, and later still upon the upper Arkansas. Here they first came into contact with the Comanche farther to the south, with whom they carried on war for some time. Since 1790 the.se tribes have acted as confederates. At a later period the Kiowa made |)eace with the Cheyenne and Arapahoe. They were noted as one of the most hostile and unruly tribes of the plains, and maintained almost constant warfare along the American and ilexican frontiers until the great Treaty of Medicine Lodge, Kansa.s, in 1807, when, with the Cheyenne, Arapahoe, Comanche, and Kiowa-Apache, they consented to give up their free range and come upon reservations in what is now Oklahoma. They were slow to move, however, and it required a winter campaign by Custer the ne.t 3'ear to bring them in. In 1874 they again broke out, together with most of the other four tribes, but were subdued the next year by Mackenzie, who shot their ponies, con- fiseatecl their arms, and deported a number of their chiefs and warriors to Florida. Since then they have remained quietly upon their reserva- tion, which was thrown open by treaty in 1901, so that they are now in law American citizens. The majority now occupy bouses and wear civi- lized dress, instead of the tipi and G-string, the change having come within the past few years. In other respects they retain most of their primitive customs and habit of thought. Their great annual ceremony was the sun dance (q.v. ), and their great tribal palladium was the Taimt', a stone image somewhat resembling a human figure. They did not have the clan system, but were subdivided into six recognized bands, and had a well-organized military order of six de- grees. They have also a pictograph calendar running back some seventy years. Associated with them, and constituting one of the six bands of their tribal circle, is a small tribe of Athapas- can stock, locally known as Kiowa-Apaebe. The term is a misnomer, however, excepting as it indicates the remote stock affinity: for these peo- ple, who call themselves Xailiishaii-dind. have come down along the plains, ami have no tra- dition of a time when they were not associated with the Kiowa. The greatest strength of the Kiowa at any time within a century was prob- ably less than 1800. They number now about 1100. while the Kiowa-Apache number IfiO. Consult Mooney, "Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians." in ^emilmilh I'rport nf liureau of Anirrirrni Ethnolofiy (Washington. 1S9S). KIP, Lkonard (182G— ). An American au- thor, born in New York, and educated at Trinitv College, Hartford. He studied law and long prac- ticed in Albany where he was for ten years presi- dent of the institute. Besides contributing to jjeriodicals, he published Valifornia HUetches ( 1850) ; Volcano Diggings { 1851 ) ; .Eiionei 1860) ; The Dead Marquise (1873); Hannibal's War ( 1878) ; Under the Bells ( 1879) ; and Nestlenook (1880). KIP, William Ingraiiam (1811-93). An American bishop of the Kpiscopal Church. He was born in New York City, of Breton ancestry; graduated at Yale in 1831, and at the (jeneral Theological Seminary in 1835, after studying law. He was rector of Saint Peter's, Albany, from 1838 to 1853, and in the latter year was chosen missionary bishop of California, where he became bishop four years after. Among his works are: The Lenten Fast (1843); Early Jesuit Missions in T^orth America (1846); The Catacomhs of Home (1854) ; The Olden Time in Xew York (1872), and The Church and the Apostles (1877). KIPCHAK, kip-cb-ik'. A Mongol khanate. See KiPTCii.K. KIP'LING, (Joseph) Rudtard (1865—). An Knglish fiction-writer and poet. He was born in Bombay, December 30, 1805, the son of John ]>ockwood Kipling, who was for many years con- nected with the schofils of art at Bombay and Lahore, in India. His mother, Alice Macdonald, was the daughter of a Methodist clergyman at Endon, Staffordshire. At the age of five, Kipling was brought to England, and in 1878 he entered the United Service College, at Westward Ho, Devon.shire, editing while there the College Chronicle, for which he wrote verse and prose. On his school life he drew freely for the incidents narrated in tiiallii c(- Co. (IS!)!)). Returning to India, he joined the editorial staff of the Lahore Civil and Military Gazette (1882-1887), and afterwards became assistant editor of the r/oHCcr at Allahabad (1887-1889). To these and other papers he contributed satirical verses and sketches of Anglo-Indian life. Schoolboi/ Lyrics (1881) was followed by Echoes ( 1884) ."/)r/wr<- mcnlal Ditties (1880), 'and Plain Tales from the Hills (ISSS). The last two represent the best of his early work in verse and prose. In 1888 he published, at Allahabad: Soldiers Three, The fladshys, Tn Illack and ^Vhite, Under the Deodars, The Phantom liickshatr and Other Talcs, and ^Vee Willie Winkic and Other Child Stories. Having now become well known in India. Kip- ling visited England and the I'nited States in search of a publisher, but failed at first. His im- pressions of .merica, origin:illy cdntributcd to the Pioneer, were afterwards published in New York, under the title American Xoles (ISOl). In 1890 Kipling, then in London, suddenly found himself famous. Since then his vogue has been extraordinary. Tn 1802 he married the daughter of II. Wolcoft Balestier of Xew York City, and .settled in A'ermont. where he remained till ISOfi. To this second' period of his life belong Life's Handicap: The lAqht That Failed (1891); liar- raeklfoom ISaUads (1892) : The aalahka. writ- ten in collaboration with Wolcott Balestier. Kip- ling's brotlu'r-in-law (1892): Mam/ Inventions (1893) : the two Jungle Hooks (1894-1895) ; The Seven Seas (1806): and Captains Courageous (1897). Kiplinij was again in the I'nited States in 1899. when he suffered from a severe illness. In the same year he visited the scene of war in South
