KIPLING. 518 KIRCHBACH. Africa. His two poems entitled The Recessional (1897), written on the occasion of Queen Vic- toria's JuDilee, .and The While Man's Burden (1899) were widely read. Among his latest publications are, besides titalky it Co. cited above, The Day's Work (1898) ; Aim (1901), a story of life in India; and The Just-So titories, a book for children ( 1902). Kudyard Kipling possesses undoubtedly a more original genius tliaii any other Englisli writer living at the beginning of the twentieth century. He represents unerringly the spirit of his age and of the Anglo-Saxon race. Vigor, audacity, and efficiency are the virtues that most appeal to him; and they cliaraeterize his own thought and bis literary "style to a remarkable degree. A genuine master of language, he ranges, according to his theme, from the brutal speech of the bar- racks and the vivid slang of the smoking-room to a noble diction, which at times half recalls the majestic cadences of the Hebrew proplicts. He has an almost inspired instinct for the essential thing, for that which stands out as typical of the whole, and he can flash it upon the mind of his readers in such startling felicity of phrasing as to make it forever memorable. In his prose he is at his best in telling of India, whether it be the India of the .Anglo- Indian or the mysterious India of the native; he has. in fact, done for India wliat Sir Walter Scott did for the Scottisli Highlands; and. like Scott, he has ]>eopled his country with scores of men and women who are never likely to be for- gotten. His Soldiers Three are as sure of im- mortality as the Three IMusketeers of Dumas, with whom tlie.v have often been compared; and his Oadsbys. Hauksbecs. and Stricklands are little if at all inferior. Such stories as "The llan 'ho Would be King." "'The Drums of the Fore and .ft." and "Without Benefit of Clero'" are alreadv classic. The long romance Kim will prob- ably stand as the high-water mark of Kipling's achievement. Xo one else could have written it; and it displays the whole of India — its v.igue- ness. its multitiidinnus vastness. and its incom- prehensibility — in one great panoramic revela- tion, the effect of which is imlescribable. The two Juniile lioolcs represent a lour de force of another kind, but no less extraordinary: and in these the highly imaginative quality of Kipling's genius is best seen, since they take ns back to the older India of r.nbroken iungle. haunted bv memories of the world's long infancy when man and brute were not yet clearly differentiated, but still crouched down together on the breast of Mother Earth. ,s a poet. Kipling has written with a spirit and a lyric swing that have caucht and held the world's attention. In many of these poems he has so accurately voiced the feeling and aspirations of British Imperialism as to have been styled 'the Laureate of the Empire.' and he has giv^^n many stanzas and lines and burning phrases to the records of the literature that lasts. For an interesting though not wholly sympa- thetic appreciation of Kipling, consult T.e Oal- lienne. Ifiiiii/ard Kipliiifi (Xew York. 1000) ; and for many details, bibliographical and otherwise, see Knowles, .-1 Kipling Primer (Boston, 1899). KIPPER (probably from Scotch kip. jutting point, book, a variant of cop. Ger. Kopf. head, in allusion to the projecting gristle on the lower jaw of a male salmon after spa«-ning; less prob- ably from kip, hide of a young beast, from ME. kip, Icel. kippa, to snatch, Dutch kippcn, to snatch, hatch). Originally, in Scotland, a salmon after the .spawning period ; but as fish at this time are not good lor food if fresh, thej- are usually split open, salted, and dried, hence "kip- per' or "kippered salmon' came to be generally used to denote smoked or i)ickled salmon. The transfer of this process to the herring caused the term to mean, in England, and especially about Yarmouth, the headquarters of the her- ring fishery, a herring so treated. KIPTCHAK, kep-chak', or KAPTCHAK. A Mongol khanate, better known as the Kingdom of the Ciolden Horde, ruled by the successors of Genghis Khan (d.l227). At the time of its greatest e.vpansion it extended from the Dnieper in iMirope far into Central Asia. Its capital, Sarai, founded in 1242, was situated on the Volga near the uiodern Tsaritsyn. It was plun- dered by Tinmr in 1395. In the course of time the Kingdom of the Golden Horde split up into indei)endent khanates, whidi fell one by one into the power of the Russians. See Golde.n Horde. KIR'BT, WlLUAM (1759-1850). An English entomologist, born at Witnesham Hall. He was educated at Caius College, Cambridge, and be- came a clergyman at Barham, where lie s])ent his life. His entomological writings brought him a great reputation both at home and abroad. The mo.st important of them are; Monographia Apium Ai'fiUcc (1802); Introduction to Ento- mologij (with Spence. 1815-20) ; and one of the Bridgewater Treatises, on The Wisdom of (Jod as Manifested in the Creation of Animals. KIRBY, Wii,Li.M (1817—). A Canadian autlior. born at Kingston-upon-Hull. England, October 13, 1817. He came to Canada with his parents in 1832. Settling at Niagara, Ontario, in 1839, he conducted the Mail newspaper for twentv years, and was collector of customs there from "1871 to his retirement in 1895. Kirby is the author of the best Canadian historical ro- mance vet written, Le Chicn d'Or, or Golden Dog (1877. "new ed.. Boston, 1890). The romance takes its name from a tablet on the facade of a building in Quebec, representing a couchant dog gnawing the thigh-bone of a man. and deals with the great struggle of the French to hold the Canadas against the English, Besides other prose works, Kirby also published V. E. (1809). an epic poem in Spenserian stanzas depicting in- cident and character in the times of the United Empire Lovalists, and Canadian Idylls (new ed.
- 894).
KIRBY-KENDAL, kerOji-keu'dal, A town of England. See KExn.L. KIRCHBACH, kerKTiaG, HuGO Ev.ld, Count ( 1809-87 I . A Cierman soldier, born at Xeumarkt, Silesia. In 1S26 he entered the Prussian infantry .service, distinguished himself during the cam- paign of ISfiB by his successes at Xachod. Skalitz, and Schweinschjidel. and in 1870 was appointed general commanding the Fifth Army Corps. In the Franco-Prussian War he pla.ved an important part, particularly at Weissenburg, Wiirth. .Sedan, and in the siege of Paris, when he repulsed the French at the last great sortie of .Tanuary 19, 1871. He retired from the army in 1880. KIRCHBACH, WoLFGAKO (1857—). A Ger- man poet and critic. He was born in London, but was educated at Dresden and Leipzig, stud.v- ing music first, and then history and philosophy.
