KIRTLAND. 525 sex in the Unionidw, and made valuable re- searches on the fresh-water fishes of Ohio. KIRUMBO, ki-room'b6, or KIROUMBO (ilalagasy name). A remarkable picariau bird of Madagascar and adjacent islands, of which two species exist, constituting the genus Lepto- sonia and the family Leptosomatida'. They are roller-like in their appearance and habits, have brilliant plumage, especially in the male, and are inhabitants of forests. See l^late of Kingfi.sueh.s, MOTIIOTS, ETC. KIRWAN, ker'wan, Richard (1733-1812). An Irish scientist, born in Cloughballymorc, County Galway. He was educated at Poitiers, France, and in the Jesuit College at Saint-Omer, and was called to the Irish bar in ITCti, but after two years' jjractice devoted himself to the study of the natural sciences, and was made a member of the Royal Society in 1780. For a series of papers read before the Royal Society he received the Copley medal in 1782, and was presented with a gold medal by the Royal Dublin Society for obtaining the Leskeyan minerals for the society's museum. He was one of the most brilliant sci- entific thinkers of his time, and his publications were translated into several Furopean languages. Besides valiia'ole reseaicl cs in cheniistry, he was the first to give in English an adequate treat- ment to the subject of mineralogy, and he pub- lished advanced views regarding air-currents. His Essay on Phlogiston and the Composition of Acids, published in 1787, was answered by the French chemists Lavoisier, Monge, Berthollet, and others. In the second edition (1789) Kir- wan ilcfcuded Ihe theories of the Stahlian School; but in 1791 he .adopted the views of his oppo- nents. Dc--pile many eccentricities in his man- ners aiid habits of living, his wide learning and conversational powers made him a delightful companion, and nearly all of the European schol- ars were numbered among his friends. Besides contributions on chemistry, mineralogy-, and agri- culture to the I'roccedinfis of many scientific soci- eties, he published Elements of Miiicralog;/ (1784): An Esfimnte of the Temperatures of Different l.nlitiides (1787): GeoJoqicnl Essays (1799); An Essay on the Ana!i/sds of Mineral Waters (1799) ; LogicK- (1807) ;'and Metaphi/si- cal Essat/s (1811), KIRYTJ, k,'-r-yoS', or KIRIU. A town of .lapan, situated in the Prefecture of Gumma, 81 miles by rail north-northwest of Tokio. Its chief product is silk, and there is a large satin-mill, equipped with French machinery. Population, in 1898, 23,991. KISFALUDY, kish'folu-di, Iv.koi.y (Charles) (1788-1830). An Hungarian poet, younger brother of Sandor Kisfaludy. He was horn at Tet, February .5, 1788. He is of greater importance in connection with the development of the Hungarian theatre than his brother, being regarded as the founder of the modem national drama. In 1817 he took up his residence in I'esth, and published in rapid succession a series of poems, tales, dramas, and comedies, which secured for him the highest popularity as an author. Of these, bis eoniedies are by far the most valuable. The best of them were translated into German by Gaill (Theater der Magi/aren. Bonn, 1820). Of his tragedies the best U Irene (1820: German translation by .T. Hornvilnszky, 1868). His comedies, as The Suitors, The KISHON. Murderer, etc., gave humorous scenes from con- temporary Hungarian life. Kisfaludy died at Pesth, November 21, 1830. The Kisfaludy Soci- ety, so named in honor of the brothers, was estab- lished in 1836, and has rendered important services to Hungarian literature. For Kisfaludy's life, consult Bflnoezi (Budapest, 1882), who also edited the seventh e<lition of his works (6 vols., Budaijcst, 1893). KISFALUDY, Sa.ndor ( Alexandeb ) (1772- 1844). An Hungarian poet, who exercised a great inlluence on the development of the language and literature of his native country. He was born at Siimeg. County of Zala, Septeud)er 27. 1772: studied at Raal) and Pressburg, and, after serv- ing in several campaigns in the Austrian army and passing through a period of captivity in Provence, he retired to his paternal estate to devote himself *o literature anj farming. The first part of his lyrical masterpiece, l/imf;/ szerel- mei ("Himfy's Loves"), which ajiiKMred anony- mously in 1801, was received with unbounded applause. On the publication of the second part, in 1807, the author threw aside his mask. In the same year he published his lieqek a magyar eloidobiil ("Legends of the Olden Time in Hungary:" translated into Orinan bv GaSl, Vienna, 1820, and by F, ilachik. Budapest, 1863), These are ma'rkeil by depth of feeling and oy elegance and simplicity of style. His epic poem Oyula szcrehne ('•.Tuliiis's iWe") (1825) was also translated into German bv (iebell-Enns- lurg (Dresden, 1893). Kisfaludy attempted tragedy, and took Schiller as his model. Some of his historical dramas are worthy of mention; for example, his Tlunyadi Jiinos, aiid Kun haszlo ("Ladislas the Cnmanian"), The best edition of his works appeared in Budapest, 1892. He died at Siimeg, October 28, 1844. KISHINEV, k6'sli,'-nyef. The capital of the Government of Bessarabia, Russia, situated on the Byk, a tributary of the Dniester, 86 miles northwest of Odessa (.Map: Russia. Co). It is built on an uneven site, and is on the whole well laid out and rather jiicturesque. It has two gymnasia, a seminary for priests, a library, and a botanical garden. It is the residence of a bishop. The chief occupation of the inhabitants is the cultivation of the vine and tobacco. Pop- ulation, in 1897, 108,796, consisting of Molda- vians, Russians. .Tews. Hulgarians. Tatars, Gyp- sies, and Wallachians. Kishinev is first men- tioned in the begiiming of the fifteenth century in ((innection with the monastery of Ki^hnozarev. It suHVred from attacks of tiie Turks in the eighteenth century, and was annexed to Russia in 1812. Trom 1820 to 1823 it was the residence of the Russian poet Pushkin. KISHM. k/isn'm. An island oflT the southern coast of Persia, situated in the Strait of Ornniz (Map: Asia, E 0). It is oblong in shape, and has an area of over !)00 square miles. The sur- face is mostly rocky and barren, and there are sulphur deposits. 'The inhabitants are engaged ehietly in fishing. The popiilation is .about 1.5,000. The capital, Kishni, situated at the eastern end, has a population of about 500. KISH'ON (Heb. ^ishon : perhaps connected with .r. ^asa, to bend, though a derivation from l^ish, or I^ais. the name of a god, is not impossi- ble). The biblical name of a river or winter stream of Central Palestine, called El-Mukatta
