KIBKWOOD. 524 KIRTLAND. his portfolio in 1882, and retired permanently from public life. KIBMAN, kfT'iuiin, or KERMAN (Lat. Caramunut). A siiutheru jnoviiKi' of Persia, bounded by the jirovinces of Vezd and Khorasan on the north, B:ilu'.-histan on the east, the Gulf of Oman on the south, and Farsistan on the west (Map: Persia, F 6). The area is estimated at 65,000 square miles. The north and northeast parts are occupied by the Desert of Kirman, which forms a jjart of the ;;reat central Desert of Lut. The southern portion, altlunifjh moun- tainous, is equally arid and barren, with the ex- ception of the small tract of Murmanshir. The climate is cold in the mountains and hot in the lower parts. Cattle-raising is e.vtensively pur- sued, and the camels and ;5oats of Kirman breed are celebrated for their long hair. Silk and wool weaving and the making of tine shawls arc the chief occupations. The population in 1806 was e.stimated at about 2.50,000, largely Persians. The capital is Kirman. KIRMAN, kor-nuin'. or KERMAN. The capital of the Persian province of the same name, situated in a fertile region at an altitude of near- ly GOOD feet (ilap: Persia. F 5). It is fortified and has extensive bazaars, the remnants of its once flourishing trade. It has manufactures of silk and woolen goods, especially shawls, and has some trade, being a centre for severiil caravan routes. The population is csHmnted at over 40, 000. consisting of Persians, Armenians, Hindus, Kurds, and .Tews. KIBMANSHAH. ker'manshil'. or KER- MANSHAH. An important town of Persia, capital of the Province of Ardelan, sitiiated on a small river at an altitude of nearly 4.")nO feet (Map: Persia, B 4). It is surrounded by half-ruined walls, and has extensive bazaars. Kirmanshah is noted for its carpets and horses. In the vicinity are extensive gardens, and opium is prodviced 0!i a large scale. The connnercial im- portance of the town is greatly increased by its location between Bagdad and Hamadan. .bout twenty-one miles from Kirmanshah is the ruined city of Behistun (q.v.). Population, once esti- mated at 80,000, is now between 30,000 and 40,000. KIRMESS, or KERMESSE, k?r'mes. A ear- nival which has for a long time been very popular in the Low Countries and in Northern France. It was originally a celebration upon the dedication of a church, or upon the feast-day of the patron saint of a town. It varied widely in different lo- calities, hut almost always consisted of a costume procession, sports, dances, and feasts. Tn many respects it was similar to the ]tay-day festivities in England. Tn the United States a kirmess is an entert;iinment. generally for some charitable purpose, in which the Flemish festival is imi- tated. KIRNBERGER, k.*-rn1ierK-r.r. .Toii.vxN Pin- LIPP (1721-8.3). A German musical theorist, born at Saalfeld. Thuringia. His studies included the violin, organ, and thcorv, and were carried on under .1. P. Kellner. H. N. Gerber. Meil and J. S. Bach. From 1741 to H.'JO he was a private teacher in Poland: but on his return to Germany in 17.51 he became a member of the i-nyal band in Berlin, and three years later kapellmeister to Princess Amalie, a post which he retained till his death. He h;id many distinguished pupils, and was famous for his extensive musical researches. Most of his somewhat elaborate theories have been dis- proved, but his best work, Die Kunst (t<s rcinc'n Salzcs (1774-70), still retains some interesting material. As a composer he is relatively luiim- portant. although liis fugues are excellent. He died in Berlin. KIRSCH, or KIRSCHWASSER, k/rsh'vas'- ser (Ger.. <'herrv-waU'r ) . A liqueur iiriidiiceil in the Black Forest and Switzerland, and imuli used in Germanj'.. It is made from elicrries. gathered when quite ripe, freed from their stalks, and pounded in a wooden vessel, but without break- ing the stones. They are then left to ferment, and when fermentation has begun the mass is stirred two or three times a day. Later the ker- nels are crushed and added. .By distillation, kirschwasser is obtaine<l. Kir.schwasser is some- times called cherry brandy, but the common cherry brandy is made by mixing brandy wdth the juice of cherries. See LlQi'EUR. KIRSCHNER, kfrsh'ner, Lola (Aloysi.) ( 1854— ) . An Austrian novelist, bom in Prague and favorably known under her pseudcmym, O.ssip Schubin, which she borrowe<l from Turge- netl's novel IJelena. Brought up (m her parents' estate at Lochkov, she afterwards spent several winters in Brussels, Paris, and Rome, receiving there. undoul)tedly, many inspirations for her clever deseriptions of artistic Bohemianism and inlernalional fashionable society, which are her favorite themes. An uncommonly keen oliserver, her great gift for striking characterization, fre- quently seasoned with sarcasm, is especially apparent in her delineations of the military and aristocratic circles in Austria. Owing to a some- what rapid production, her works are of unequal merit, the earlier being by far the best. Tlie more important of them include: Ehrc (1882, 7th ed. 1893) ; Die (leschichfe rines denies. Die <!aUirizzi (1884); Vntcr iins (1884. 4th ed. 1892) ; (llnria Vrclis (1885, 3d ed. 1892) : Erlach- hof (1887); Etiquette, eiiic Rokoko-ArahesUe (1889) ; Es fiel ein Reif in dcr EriihUn<isnacht (3d ed. 1893) ; Ashc'in. <tus dcm Lchcn cincs Vir- luoK'-n (1888), and its sequel. linris Lenskil (1889), probably her most meritoriovis work; Unheimliche Gra'chiehten (1889) ; du mein Oes- terreich! (1890); Neil dir im Siec/crkranz ! (1891); Finis Polonire (1893); 7'o(rr Friihliiifi (1893); Gehrochene FUlgel (1894); and many other novels and .stories, several of which have been translated into English. KIRTLAND, kert'kmd, .T.vred Potter (1793- 1877). An American naturalist, horn in Wal- lingford, Conn. lie studied medicine at Yale, at the same time taking lessons in liotany from Ives and in mineralogy and zoidog^- from Silliman, and hiter continued his medical studies at the T'liiversitv of Pennsylvania. He practiced in Durham until the death of his wife and daughter, in 1S23, and then went to Ohio, He practiced in Poland, Ohio: became professor of the theory and lu-aclicc of medicine in the Ohio Medical College, and in 1837 an assistant on the geological sur- vey; and from TS43 to 18fi4 was professor in the Cleveland ilcdical College, of which he was a fiiunder. Kirtland was a skilled taxiderndst and an enthusiastic fruit-grower, but he is best known for his zoological studies. He discovered par- thenogenesis in insects, and the distinction of
