KNITTING. 552 KNOLLES. take up the thread, and Ihcii closes down over tlic hook so that it may pass iho loop tlimuj^li tlic prewdiiig lcK)p. The iiiovcinent of the latch is jtij'ulatcd by the yarn as it passes through, actu- ated by the niaehine. fircular machines have largely superseded the earlier form, on account of their greater speed and capacity. In these machines "a circular series of vertical parallel needles slide in grooves in a cylinder, and are raised and lowered successively by an external rotating cylinder which has on the inner side cams that act upon the needles." Ac- cording to Hyrne, from whom the preceding sen- tence is quoted, about 2000 patents on various forms of knitting machinery had been issued in the United States at the clo.se of the nineteenth century. These patents included attachments for shaping special parts, for finishing oil' work, and even for raveling waste work. (iKowTii oi' THE l.NDi .STitY. The remarkable in- crease in po])ularity of all forms of knitted fab- rics is shown nut only by I he Tunnbcr of machines which have iu'cn invented to produce them. but also by the enormous increase in their produc- tion, as shown by the United States Census for 1900. In 18.50 there were only 85 establislnnents, with a eombinid capital of $i).54,734, and a com- bined annual product of $1,028,102, engaged in this industry. During the decade IS.'il-GO the value of the annual product increased seven times, and in the following decades, 2Va, n,L'> 2%, and IVa times respectively. In litOO the number of factories for the production of knit goods in the country was !)21, with a total capi- tal of $81,860,004, and an annual product valued at $9.'jl,482,.5C6. In 1870 the number of knit- ting-machines reported to be in use was 562.5; thirty years later it was 8!),047. In the early days of the industry, wool was almost exclusively used for the production of knit goods. A marked increase in the use of other libres, cs]iecially cot- ton and silk, occurred during the closing decade of the century. In 18!)0 .■i2.248.84!) pounds of cotton yarn were used in the manufacture of knit goods; in 1000 the amount so used had in- creased to 131,820,068 pounds. The value of silk yarn used for the same purpose in 1000 is esti- "maled :il *1,000.000. KNOBEL, kno'hel, Karl August (1807-63). A tJerman ()ld Testament scholar. He was born near Sorau in Silesia, and was educated there and at Breslau. In 1831 he became docent, and four years later professor extraordinary of the- ology at Breslau, and in 1838 became professor at Giessen, where he spent the remainder of his life. His greatest service was the i)reparation of the commentaries upon the books of Ecclc- siastes (1836). Isaiah (1843), Genesis (18.52), Exodus and I.,eviticus (1857), and Numbers, Deuteronomy, and .loshua (1861) in the series known as 7'i(rrf/(/'«ss<es exegetisches Tlandhuch zum Allen Testament. The commentaries upon Isaiah and the books of the Pentateuch w'ere ri>written by August Dillmann (q.v.). KNOBELSDORFF. kno'bels-dorf, Oeorg Ven'ze.slai"s vo. ( lfinfl-1753). A German ar- chitect, born at Kuckiidel. near Krossen. He served in the army for some years, and then studied architecture, and traveled in Italy and France. He was appointed director of royal buildings in Prussia by Frederick II.. who, when Crown Prince, had been his patron. His best known works are the Berlin Opera House, the Sans Souci Palace at Potsdam, and the extension of the jialace at Charlottenburg, all in the classic style. He also laid out part of the .own, and the park at Potsdam, and the Thiergarten in Berlin. For these his moilels were Freneli. KNOBELSDORFF - B R E N K ENHO FF, breuk'en-huf, Xatalv vu.n ( IStiO — ). . (iemian novelist, known under her maiden name, Nataly von Eschstrulh. born at Hofgeismar, llesse-Cas- sel. the daughter of an ollicer, and educated at Berlin. She married an olficer, afterwards Cap- tain KnobelsdorlV-BrenkenholV, and later settled at Schwerin. Among her novels ma_y be men- tioned: W'olfsbitrg (1885); (lihincliescl. cine Uoft/eschifhtc (1880; 5th ed. 1801); I'olnixck Jilut (1887; 4th ed. 1804); llo/liift (1880; .5th cd. 1894); Stenifichnuppcn (1800); Ton (lotles Gnaden (1895); Jung gcfrcil (1897); Uer Majuratshcrr (1898) ; Atis voUem Leben (1900) ; Sonnenfunkcti (1901); Der verlorenv Sohn (1902). Of some little dramas, Karl Augusts Uraiilfahrt and Die ftturmnixc (3d ed. 1888) were jjcrformed. In 1887 appeared a volume of her poems inider the title Wcgclxraut, and in 1899 an illustrated edition of her collected works in 25 V(dumcs began to be published. KNOBLAUCH, kn.M/louK. Hermann (1820- 95). . (leniian physicist, born in Berlin. Hav- ing linislied liis studies, he became lecturer at the University of Berlin, then i)rof<'ssor at Marburg, and in 1854 was appointed ])r(ifessor at the Uni- versity of Halle. In 1878 he was appointed |)resi- dent of the Leopoldinisch-Karolinische .kademie at Halle. His pid)lications. which are to be found mostly in the Monalsschriflrn of the Berlin .cademy. and in the AbhaniUungin dcr nritiir- forsehenden (lisrllscliafl zu llallr, treat espe- cially of radiation of heat. He was one of the first who demonstrated that the warmth we experience when we stand before a fire reaches us in the same way as the rays of the siui. that is, by radiation, without afl'ecting the tempera- ture of the vacuum or the intervening material medium through which the heat is transmitted. KNOCK -KNEE, or In-Knee. A deformity c<jiisisting of such inclination inward of both knees that they are in contact when the person is walking or in a position for walking. There is naturally .a slight inclination toward each other of both knees, which is accentuated in the adult female, because of the width of the female pelvis; but the legs remain perpendicular, in spite of the line of the thighs. In knock-knee the tibiiE incline outward, and the feet are sepa- rated when standing or walking. The deformity is due to weakness, and is usually a development of childhood. It may be caused by rickets (q.v.) or by an injury, or may be secondary to a de- formity of the hip-joint or ankle-joint. It may be followed by a clubfoot (q.v.) of the variety valgux.or by flat foot. The treatment includes mas- sage and straightening, practicing walking with the feet parallel, and correction with braces. Immediate correction may be .secured by operative treatment, either osteotomy (cutting the thigh- bone) or osteoclasis (breaking the thighbone), and putting the joint for a time in a plaster splint. See Leg. KNOLLES. nfdz. Richard (c.1.5,50-1C10) . An Englisli historian of the Turks, horn probably at Cold Ashhy. Xorthaniptonshire. After gradu- ating at Lincoln College, Oxford (1565), he lie-
