EOBBE. 570 KOBELL. badeii, Gernianj', to study composition and tlie l)iano with Adolf Hageii. After live years with that teaelier he completed liis musical studies with Alosenthal in New York, and in 1877 gradu- ated from Columbia C'oUege, and two years later from the Columbia Law School. He became en- gaged in literary and newsi)aper work, and con- tributed articles on musical and dramatic sib- jeets to the leading magazines and periodicals. His two- volume Vagiier's Life and Works (1890), which gives analyses and the leitmotives of the music dramas, is well known to students of nnisic. In addition he published: The Iting of the Nibcluiit/ (1889) ; New York and Its En- virons (18!U) ; Plays for Amateurs (18n2) ; My Kosan/, and Other Poem's (1890); Miriam ( 1898') . KOB'DO. A great liilly plateau of Western Mongolia, 4000 feet above'tlie level of the sea; also the chief town of that region. The town lies north of the eastern branch of the Tian Shan, or 'Celestial Mountains,' about 40 miles from the frontier of Sungaria. It is inhabited chiefly by Kalmucks, by whom, as well as by the Mongols and Russians, it is called Sankinhoto. It is sup- posed to be the Chingintalus of Marco Polo. It suffered much during the Dungan Rebellion of 1865, but is recovering, and now sends great flocks of sheep to Kan-su every year. Population, about 0000. KOBE, ko'ba. A seaport of .Japan, in the southern part of the island of Hondo, adjoining and l.ying to the nortlieast of the prel'ectural city of liiogo. on the western shore of the bay of Osaka, and distant 22 miles by rail from the city of Osaka (Map: Japan. D 0). When Hiogo was opened in 1868 to foreign residence and trade, Kobe became the foreign residential quarter and the centre of trade, its numicipal affairs being managed by a council consisting of the prefect, the foreign consuls, and three elected members. It continued to be a separate town until 1892, when it was united with II logo. The city is situated along a fine sandy beach, at the base of a high coast range, and at the entrance to the far-famed "Inland Sea.' It has a deep and safe harbor, and is connected by rail with all parts of the Hondo, or Main Island. It is in direct steam communication with China. Formosa. Hong Kong, Australia. Europe, and America, as well as with the other treaty ports. It has docks, railway shops, a fine wharf 4.50 feet long for ocean-going vessels, an Imperial ship-building yard (with patent slip accommodating vessels of 2000 tons bui'den). a paper-mill, an<l other manu- factures, two foreign banks, two foreign and sev- eral native newspapers, hotels, churches, and clubs. It is within easy distance of Osaka, Kioto, and numerous places of picturesque beauty and historic interest; it is considered the most attrac- tive of the treaty ports, as it ])robaIily is the most healthful. The liund or water-front of the settle- ment is faced with stone; the streets are wide, well kept, and lishted by electricity. Though opened much later than Nagasaki and Yokohama, Kobe has now taken first place in shipping as in volume of trade. In 1898 the total value of the latter was $98,730.21.3. In 1900. 1447 vessels (2,808.812 tons) entered port, by far the largest number being British. Germany came next, then France and the United States, each of which had less than one-tenth of (!reat Britain's number. Population, in 1898, 215,780, of whom 534 were British. 155 Americans, 155 Germans, and over 1000 Chinese. Population of the prefecture, 1,007,220, KO'BELL. A German family of painters, en- gravers, and etchers, all descended from Joliann Heinrich Kobell, of Frankfort, who settled at JIannheim in 1720. His grandson Fkriiinam) (1740-99) was a landscajie painter and etcher, born at Mannheim, where, after having studied at the University of Heidelberg, he became the pupil of Peter Verschatlelt. In 1708-09 he con- tinued his studies in Paris, after his return wais appointed Court painter, and later professor at the Academy, and in 1793 removed to Munich. Of his effective oil paintings in the style of Berehem, there are specimens in the galleries of Karlsruhe, Darmstadt. Stuttgart, and Augs- burg; but he is more important as an etcher, his 242 plates marking a distinct advance in the treatment of landscape etching in Germanj-. Consult his biography by IJarou Stengel (Nu- remberg, 1822). — His brother Franz (1749- 1822), landscape and architectural painter and draughtsman, was born in Mannheim, where he studied at the Academy before spending nine years in Italy (1776-85). chiefly at Rome. On his return he settled in Munich, and was made Court painter. His oil paintings, on which Goethe bestowed high praise, are rare, number- ing scarcely a dozen, one of the finest being a "Rocky Landscape with Waterfalls." in the Bam berg Gallery. Endowed as he was with an exu- berant fancy and extraordinary facility of pro- duction, the process of painting proved too slow to keep pace with his ideas, and he confined him- self afterwards entirely to the use of pen and pencil. He is said to have produced more than 10,000 drawings. — Henduik (1751-99), a marine and landscape painter, born at Rotterdam, cousin of Ferdinand an<l Franz, was sent to England by his father to fidlow a commercial career, but re- turned in 1770, determined to become an artist, and studied for two years in Amsterdam under Jacob de Y'os and Cornells Ploos van Amstel with such success that he was elected a member of the Academy. He settled afterwards at Rotter- dam, and is especially esteemed for his marine subjects in oil, and his numerous beautiful draw- ings executed with the pen, heightened with In- dia ink, and liis water-colors. — .Ian (1750- 1833). engraver, born at Rotterdam, brother of Hendrik, engraved anatomical plates, and in 1787 a series of historical portraits. — Jan. the elder (1778-1814), an eminent animal and land- scape painter and etcher, bom at Delfshaven, son of Hendrik, pupil of Willeni Rutgaart van der Wall at Utrecht. He studied diligently from nature, and took Paul Potter for his model. In 1812 he wont to Paris, where he won the gold medal and high praise from art critics. His popularity increased rapidly until his prema- ture death, at Amsterdam. Of his cattle pieces, remarkable for their sterling technique and pre- cision of drawing, there are excellent specimens in the museums of Amsterdam and Rotterdam. — .Tan, the younger (1800-38). landscape and cattle painter, born at Rotterdam, son of .Tan, the engraver, pupil of Rotterdam Academy, paint- ed his principal work, a life-size cattle piece, in 1830.— His sister Anna (179.5-1847) was also an esteemed artist. — WiLiiEi.M voN Kobell (1760- 1855). landscape and battle painter and etcher, born at Mannheim, son and pupil of Ferdinand;
