KOBELL. 571 KOBOLD. studied afterwards the works of the old Dutch masters in the Diisseldurf Gallery, and was espe- cially attracted by W'ouvtrmaii. In 1778 he went to Rome, was made Court painter at Mann- heim after his return, and afterwards followed his father to Munich, where he became professor at the Academy in 1HU8. He painted at first land- «-ape, rural jErenre scenes, and animal pieces, of vhich the galleries of Bamberg. Weimar, Mann- licini, Karlsruhe, Berlin. Darmstadt, Frankfort, and Wiesbaden contain line specimens. In 1809 he vislod Vienna, and in 1810 I'aris, to make studies for his battle pieces, which contain many jjortraits of famous contemporaries. The New Pinakothek in Munich contains "The Third Day of the Battle of Hanau" (1808), and the Ban- quet Hall of the Ki>nii?sbau the "Surrender of Brieg," "Cavalry Skirmish at Arnhofen.'" and the •■Battles of Kckmiihl and Wagram." He became most widely known through his etchings and aquatint engravings after Wouverman, Bcrehem, Roos. Ruysdael. and otiiers, in which he repro- duced the peculiar style of each master with jincommon success. KOBELL, Fk.inz vox (1803-82). A German mineralogist and poet, born in Munich and edu- cated at Landshut. He became professor of mineialogj- in ilunich in 1820. and in 1856 was appointed first curator of the State collection of minerals. To mineralogy his greatest contribu- tions were new methods in crystallography and the valuable invention of the stauroscope. His scientific publications include: Charakteristih der iiineraUcn (1830-31): tikixzcn cms dem Hteinreich (1850); Miiicralot/ie: Fopnliire Vor- triige (18G2) ; and. above all. the Tafeln zur Be- stimmunf/ dcr Minrrnlien (1833: I3th ed. 1803) ; Galvanof/raphic (1842: 2d ed. 1846), describing a method of his own invention; and Geschichte <ler Miiieralogie (1864). Kobell's popular po- etry, in the dialects of Upper Bavaria and of the Palatinate, shows the true vis comica, and the possession of rich fancy without the lack of verisimilitude. Among the works of this genre mention should be made of: Hrhiirnliiliiipftn und Kpriichlii (2d ed. lS.i2) : (Icdirhic in pfiil- zischer jI/H)irfar/( 1839-41) ;and Jaijd- und M'ein- lieder (1890). Consult Luise von Kobcll. Franz roH Kobcll (Munich, 1884). KOBERLE, ke'bcr-lp. Georc (1810-98). A German author and dramatist, born at Xonnen- horn. He studied at the gymnasium at Augs- Inirg; was sent to the Collegium Germanicum at Rome, but ran away from that institution and studied at Munich. At Leipzig (1846) he pub- lished his Aufzrichnunfwn- rinrs Jesuilenznglings im deutschrn Kollrfi in Uoni. which created a sen- sation, and which he fidlowod up (1870) with Deutsche Antunrt <mf iirrlsrhc I'rojekic: Enthiil- lungen Uber die Palnstrrrnlution im Vatikan. He is better known for his plays, Des Kiinstlers Weihc. Zu-isrhen Uimmel t(nil F.rde, Max Emamicls Brautfahrt. George Wnshington, and Die Heldin ron yiirktoirn. which were pub- lished mostly between 1840 and 18.53. He lived at Heidelberg (lS.53-;)6) as theatrical m.ajiager. On the publication of his Thealrrkrisis im nenen dcnisrhcn Ilcich (1S72K he was appointed man- ager of the royal theatre at Karlsruhe. After 1873 he lived at Mannheim. Vienna, and Dresden, and wrote: Meiiir Frlrhnissr als IJoftlieatcrdi- •rcktor (1874) ; Berliner I.cimruten und dctitsclie Vol, XI.— a7. Gimpel (1875); Der Verfall der deutschen Hcliaubiihne und die Bewultigang der Theater- kalumitdt (1880); Brcmiende Theaterfragcn ( 1887) : and Uas Drungsal der deutschen Hchau- hiihne (ISOOj. KOBERSTEIN, kc/ber-stln, Kabl August (1707-1870). A German scholar and literary critic. He was boi'n at RUgenwalde, and was educated at Stolpc, Potsdam, and Berlin. In 1824 he was made professor at Pforta, where he stayed till his death. His great work is (Irund- riss der Gcschwhtc der deutschen Sational- litlcratur (1827: 5th ed.. by Bartsch, 1872-75); and he also pul)lislied: ^'ertnischte .lufsulze zur Lilteraturgesckiclite und Aesthetik (1858) ; llein- rich ron Kleists Briefe an seine Schwester Ulrike (1860) ; the volume on Lessing in Lobell's Ent- uiekl'ung dcr deutschen Poesie (1865); and Laut- und Flexionslehre der mittelhoehdeutschen und neuhochdeutsehen Hpruche (last ed. by Schade, 1878). — His son Karl (1836 — ) was born at Schulpforta : studied at Stettin, and be- came an actor. (18.36). He retired from the Dresden stage in 1883. Among his works are the plays, Florian Geijer (1863), Kiinig Erich XIV. (18G9), and Was Gott zusammenfUgt, das soil der Mensch nicht scheiden (1872), and Freussiches Bilderbuch (1887). KOBLENZ, kCblents. A town of Prussia. See Cor.LE^"Z. KOBO DAISHI, koTid di'she (Sinico- Japa- nese, (ircat Tcaclu-r. who Spreads Abroad the Law). The posthumous title of one Ku-Kai, a noted Buddhist saint of Japan, and the founder of the sect kno i there as Shingon, or 'True Words.' In 1808 its temples numbered 12.807. He was miraculously conceived, and many won- dcriil talcs are told of him. He was born in the Province of Sanuki in 774, went to school in Kioto in 788. Dissatisfied with Confucian tcacliing. he entered into relations with the Bud- dhists, was admitted a priest in 793, receiving then the name of Ku-Kai, which means 'Space and Sea.' and in 795 became Abbot of To-ji, in Kioto. In 804 he was sent to China by the Gov- ernment as a student ; became a disciple there of a priest of the Vogachara or Tantra school, whose mystic doctrines he imbibed and later in- troduced into Japan, to which he had returned in 806. He built several monasteries, the most famous of which is that of Koya-san. in Kiushiu, about 50 miles from Osaka. In 835 he died in a silting posture in the presence of his disciples, who had been sununoncd for the occasion, and was carried in this jiosture to his vaulted grave. The title of Kobodaishi was conferred on him by the Mikailo in 021. Ho is said to have in- vented the I-rnha. or J;i|ianese syllabary of 47 letters, and ho introduced the system of doctrine which is known as Riobu Shinto, in which lie reconciled, or attempted to reconcile. Confucian- ism, Shinto, and Buildhism. contending that he had received a revelation from the 'food- producing god' at Ise' (q.v. ) : that the native Sliinto deities were merely manifestations of Biidclha in a previous state of existence. Con- silt : GrifTis. Ttic Rctigions nf .Inpnn (Xcw York, 1895), and Satow. "The Revival of Pure Shin- to." in the Transactions of the Asiatic f'Ociety of Japan, vol. iii.. Appendix (Yokohama. 1875). KO'BOLD. In German folklore, the name of a special class of elves. It is generally applied to
