KOBOLD. 572 KOCH. domestic sprites, but sometimes also to those who haunt tile mountain forests. In all cases it con- veys an idea of impish <;lee in teasing and tor- menting. See Gnome. KOBRIN, ka'bn'n. Tlie chief town of a dis- trict in the Kussian Government of Grodno, UO miles south of the city of Grodno, on the right bank of the ilukhavetz, a tributary of the Northern Bug (Map: Russia, B 4). Jlilling, tanning, brick making, and the manufacture of tobacco arc its chief industries. Population, in 1S»7, 10.300, mostly .Jews. KOBTJKG, ko'hnoric. A town of Germany. See CoULHli. KOCH, koK, ClIRISTIA.N- Friediucii (17!>S- 1872). A German jurist, born at Muhrin, Prus- sia. After studying law in Berlin he entered the Government service in 1825, was promoted gradually to imponant positions at various law- courts in Cologne, Kulm, Ilalle. and other cities, and in 1848 was summoned to Berlin to draft the new code of civil procedure. He retired in 1854. The most important of his works, which exerted great influence upon both the theory and practice of Prussian jurisprudence, are Das Jt'ccht (Icr Fortlmingpn utivh tjcturincm ttitil prritssl- sclicm Ilrcht (2d ed. lS.")8-nn) ; I.clirhiich dcs prviissisclicii gcincincn PrirnlrccJilst {'.id ed. 1857- 58) ; Dos prcussischn Erhrccht, aus dem gemeincn deutschen Uecht ciiticickclt (186G); Das picas- sische Zivilprozcssrccht (vol. i., 2d ed. 1855; vol. ii., 6th ed. 1871) ; Pus allyemchie Landrecht fur die preussischcn Stauicn, mil Kommentator (8th ed. 1883-87). .He also founded the .S'c/i7e- sischc» Archill fijr die praktische I'echtsicissen.- sclmft ( Brcslau, 18.'!7-4(i). For his biography, consult Behrend (Berlin, 1872). KOCH, .^osEPir Anton (1768-1839). A dis- tinguished Austrian landscape painter and etch- er, born at Obergicbcln. Tyrol. He was ,a poor shepherd boy, but through a. bishop's patronage was sent lo the Karlsschule in Stuttgart in 1785. The severe discipline of that institution became intolerable to him, and he ran away in 1701, lived in Strassburg and Switzerland, and in 1705 made his way to Rome, where he became a fol- lower of Carstens (q.v.). at the same time model- ling his style in landscape after Poussin and Claude Lorraine. Among his earlier works were etchings for Carstens's f.es Arfioitnutes, scion Pindnre, Orpltfc el ApoIJotiiiis de Rhode (1700), a series of twenty Italian landscapes, thirty-six illustrations to Ossian, and fourteen to Dante, a large drawing of "The French Taking the Oath at Millesimo:" also American landscape views for portions of Humboldt's works (1805). During the years 1812-15 he was in Vienna, and some of his best oil paintings date from this period. Af- terwards he went to Rome and became a conspicu- ous figure in the German artists' colony there. He was the first to paint 'heroic' or 'historical' landscape, and his influence upon his associa- tes was very great, of his paintings in the public galleries there are: "Sehmadribach Falls in the Lauterbach Vallcv"( 1811) , "View Near Subiaco." "Noah's Sacrifice" (1813), "Grimsel Pass" (1813), and "View of Nauplia" (1830), all in the museum at Leipzig; "View in the Sabine ^Mountains" (181.'^). and "Monastery of San Francesco di Civitella" (1814). in the Na- tional Gallery at Berlin; replicas of "Sehma- dribach Falls" and of "Noah's Sacrifice'" in the New Pinakothek at Munich; and "Macbeth and the Witches," in the museum at Innsbruck, lu the Dante room of the Villa Massimi, in Rome, lie painted four frescoes (1824-29). His Mo- dernc Kunstchronik odcr die rumfordiseUe Huppe, (jrkochl uiid r/eschriehen von J. A. Koch (1834) is an attack upon unfair art criticism, and at the same time serves to reflect bis rather rough humor, aggressive temperament, and quaint personality. Consult: Strauss, Kleinc tSchrifloi (Bonn, 1877); and Frimmel, in Dohme, Kiinst iiiid Kiinstler des neunzehnten Jahrhunderta (Leipzig, 1884). KOCH, Kakl (1809-79). A German botanist, born near W'einuir. He studied at the uni- versities of Wiirzburg and Jena, in 1836-38, and then undertook a scientific journey to South- ern Russia. He completed his researches in a second journey, which he performed in 1843-45. The fruit of this second trip, in which he also visited Asia Minor, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and the range of the Caucasu.s, was his Wan- dcnnii/cii iin. Orient (184(i-47). In 1836 be was appointed [irofessor of botany in the University of Jena, and in 1847 became professor at Berlin, where he remained until his death. Besides sev- eral books on travel, Koch wrote the well-known work Dcndrologie (1860-73). KOCH, Max (1855—). A German literary critic, lie was born at Munich, and educated there and at Berlin. In 18S0 he qualiticd as doeent at ilarburg, and ten years later became professor at Breslau. Besides editions of Shake- speare, Chamisso, Goethe, Schiller, Von Arnim, Brentano, EiehendorIT, Fouiiue, HofTmann, Schulze. Imnicrmann, and Lenau, he wrote; Hel- ferich Peter Sturz uud die Hclilcsicigschen Lit- teralurhriefc (1870); Ueber die Beziehung dcr enijtisclicn Litteratur zur deutschen im achtzehn- te'n Jahrhundcrt (1883); Shakespeare (1885); Franz (Irillparzer (1891) ; Nationalitdt und Na- tionaUitteralur (1891); and, with Vogt, Ge- sehielile dcr deutschen Litteratur (1900). He founded in 188G the Zcitschrift fiir vergleichende L i ttera t u rgcsch ich te. KOCH, RoiiERT (1843—). A German physi- cian and bacteriologist, born at Clausthal, Han- over. He studied medicine at Giittingcn : then practiced medicine in Langcnbagen, Rackwitz. and WoUstein. It was at Wollstein, from 187'2- to ISSO. tluit he began the researches in bac- tcrioldgy upon which his fame chiefly rests. Koch's researches on the history of anthrax were published in 1876, and two years later followed his study on the history of traumatic infective diseases. These works placed bacteriology' upon a firm scientific basis. Appointed in 1880 a mem- ber of the Imperial Board of Health in Berlin, he continued the unwearied study of the communi- cable causes of anthrax, cholera, and tubercu- losis, isolating the tubercle bacillus in 1882. To do tills it was necessary to invent new appliances for microscopical work, and new methods of stain- ing specimens to render visible these special mi- croiirganisms. In this way Koch set on foot advances in bacteriology which are of inestimable value. Koch and his supporters have shown that many diseases are caused by specific germs. In experi- ments upon animals Koch discovered that the injection of diseased blood produced septica'mia in house-mice, discovering also that the microor-
