KONGSBERG. 583 KONIGSBERG. of mines and one of forestry, and one of the lartiest and most beautiful cliurclies of Norway. ropulatiim in ISOl, 5o8o. KONI, ko'ne. Fepor Alexievitcii (1809-79). A Russian playwright, born in Moscow. He studied medicine but did not practice, and, be- ginning with Zcnikh po Dnvcrcnnosti (1833), he adapted, translated, or composed about fifty vaudevilles, which were collected in two volumes (1870-71). He published also books for young ])eople and translations. KO'NIEH, kO'ni-e, or KONIAH, kO'ne-a. The capital of the vilayet of the sanft name in Asiatic Turkey, situated on the western edge of the plain of Lycaonia, at an altitude of over 331)0 feet, about 150 miles south of An- gora (ilap: Turkey in Asia, E 4). Tlie town has little to attract in its appearance except its irri- gated garilens. It possesses several tine mosques and a famous monastery of the JIawlawi ( danc- ing) dervishes, with the tomb of the founder of the order. It produces carpets and leather and car- ries on a considerable trade, being connected by railway with Smyrna and Skutari (Constanti- iiiiple). Its population is estimated at 44.000, cliielly Turks. Armenians, and Greeks. Konieh is the ancient Iconium. Its situation w-as such as to make it a place of importance at an early date, luder the Persian Empire it was considered the frontier city of Phrygia ( cf.Xcnophon, Anahasis, i. 2, 19). The Romans joined it to Lycaonia and made it the centre of that district. It was one of the most important points of the Roman road system in Asia Minor. Paul and Barnabas preached there, and at that time it seems to have had a considerable Jewish population (Acts xiii. 51 sqq. ; cf.II. Tim. iii. 11). It became the centre whence Christianity spread throughout South Galatia, and numerous early Christian inscrip- tions have been found there and near by. In By- zantine times it was the seat of the Archbishop of Lycaonia. A Church council was held there in 235.' The Seljuk Turks captured the city about 1075. and under them it became the capital of the Sultanate of Iconium. or Brun. which lasted for two centiries. The most important remains of Seljuk architecture are found there. The city was captured by Frederick Barbarossa in 1190. It fell into the hands of the Ottoman Turks under Mohanniied II. in 14G6. KONIG. ke'niK. Ewald August (1833-88). A (u-rmau novelist, born at Barmen, where he was for a time engaged in mercantile pursuits. Afterwards he settled at Elberfeld. Neuwied. and in 1882 at Cologne. Of his numerous novels, for the greater ])art dealing uith criminal incidents, the following are the nost noteworthy: Dtirch Kdinpf :iim Frieilen (1809), which was awarded a prize by the licUetristischcs Joiiriwl in Xew York; Auf der Bahn des Verbrechens (1870); flchiildifff (1878); Schuld und Siihne (1880); F.in verlorenes Leben (1882); Ein moderner
ampyr, sociulcr Roman (1883) ; Ya banque!
(1884); I'm Gliick und Dasein (1885); Die Tnrhter des Kommerzienrats (1886); Seines aHirkcs! firhmied (ISSS). and Vntcr xchu-arzem 'erdnrbt (1888). besides which he also wrote a number of himorous sketches of military and mercantile life. KONIG, FRiEnRiCH (1774-1833). A Oerm.an printer, born at Eisleben. He devoted himself to the means of printing by machinery, and after various disappointments, Thomas Bcnsley, a printer in London, came to his support, a com- pany was formed, and a patent obtained (1810) for a press, which, like the hand-press, printed by two flat plates. It was first used in 1811 to print part of the Annual Ilegister. A second patent was obtained (I8I1), for a cylinder press, and a third in 1813 for improvements u])on it. This improved machine was soon adopted l>y the proprietors of the London Times, whose number for November 29, 1814, was the first to be print- ed upon it. In the latter part of his life Kiinig was a partner in a companj' for making steam printing-presses at Oberzell, near Vur7.1>urg, in IJavaria. Consult the life by Goebel (Stuttgart, 1SS3). KONIG, .JonAX Gebhard (1728-85). A Dan- ish botanist. He was born in Livonia, studied pharmacy and medicine, and afterwards was a pupil of Linnsus. and in Denmark studied under Rottbijll. He traveled in Iceland (1704- 05), and wrote a Flora Island'ica ; but his great- est botanical labor was on Indian, and more es- pecially ilalabar. flora. In 1707 he went to Tran- quebar. India, as a Danish medical missionary, and there spent liis last years. The species Kocniyiii was named in iiis honor by Linnteus. KONIGGRATZ, ke'ni-grats. An old town and former fortress of Bohemia, Austria, situated in a fertile region at the confluence of the Adier with the Elbe. 14% miles by rail from Pardubitz (Map: Austria, D 1). Its Gothic cathedral dates from the beginning of the fourteenth century, and the episcopal residence contains a fine library and a collection of portraits." The educational in- stitutions of the town include a gymnasium, founded in 1642, a theological seminary for teach- ers, and a theatre. The town hall contains the municipal museum. Koniggriitz has extensive manufactures of musical instruments, machinery, candles, and paints. It was a fortifietl town as far back as the eleventh century and suffered greatly during the Hussite and the Tliirty Years' wars. Koniggriitz is famous on account of the battle of -July 3. 1866, in which the .ustTians were overwhelmingly defeated by the Prussians, and which brought the Seven Weeks' War (q.v. ) to a close. This is better known, however, in English as the battle of Sadowa (q.v.). Popula- tion, in 1890, 7800: in 1900, 9800. KONIGINHOF, ko'ne-gin-hftf. A small nianu- facturiug town of Bohemia, Austria, on the left bank of the Elbe. 20 miles by rail northeast of Koniggriitz (Map: Austria. D 1). Linen and jute weaving and manufactures of cotton goods are the principal branches of industrv. Popula- tion, in 1890, 8635; in 1900, 10,601, mostly Czechs. KONIGSBERG, ke'niKs-berK. A city of Prussia, capital of the Province of East Prussia, and a strong fortress, situated on the Pregel. about five miles from its entrance into the Frisches HaflF. in latitude 54° 43' N. and longi- tude 20° .30' E. (Jlap: Prussia. .T 1 ) . It lies on both banks of the Pregel and on a small island in the river, and is composed of the three quarters of Altstadt and Liibonicht on the right bank, and Kneiphof on the island, and several former suburbs on both banks of the river. The fortifications consist of a main wall (with 12 forts) on both sides of the river, and the fort of
