KONIGSBERG. 584 KONIGSTEIN. Friedrichsburg, on an island at the western end of the city. The chief public buildings are found mainly in the old (|u;u'lers on the right bank of the river. The Kneiphof is the best laidout por- tion of the city and contains the town hall and the residences of the wealthy merchants. The newly restored (uilhic cathedral, also in this sec- tion, was begun in the fourteenth and completed in the sixteenth century, and contains a fine choir. In the adjoining 'Stoa Kantiana' is the grave of Kant, who was a navive of the town. The •Sehlosskirche is interesting as the place where Frederick I. and William I. were crowned. Above the church is the immense Jloskowiter- saal, one of the largest halls in Germany. Among the most prominent secular buildings is the palace, situated in the Altstadt. It was begun in the thirteenth century, and is an extensive iiuilding containing Government ollices, the Archives, and the Prussia Museum, besides the royal apartments. The Government buildings, the exchange, and the university are modern buildings of architectural merit. Kiinigsberg has a fine statue of Frederick I., and a bronze monu- ment to Kant. The university was founded in 1544, and in the seventeenth century had 2000 students. The nunil)er at inescnt is less than 1000. There are l.'il professors and teachers. Its library contains 22.5,000 volumes. The frescoed aula is noteworthy. The other educational insti- tutions of the city include the royal gynuiasiuni, founded in 16nS; the nuuiicipal gjmnasium of the Altstadt, founded in l.SSo as a parochial school; the Kneiphof municipal gymnasiim, dating from 1304; the Wilhelmsgymnasium, two 'real' schools, a scmintfry for female teachers, and a number of art and special schools. Kiinigsberg is administered by a chief burgo- master, a burgomaster, and a board of magis- trates of 25 and a municipal council of 102 mem- bers. The city owns the water-works, a gas and an electric light plant, and abattoir. The man- ufactures comprise various iron products, includ- ing machinery and locomotives, wood products, spirits, tobacco and cigars, matches, pianos, amber goods, flour, cement, mineral waters, and marchpane. Krinigsberg is a very important centre in the commerce between Russia and VtCt- many. The approach by water having been found inadequate for heavy ships, the important Kiinigs- berg Ship Canal, from the city to Pillau. on the Bay of Danzis, was opened in 1001. Other exten- sive harbor improvements are planned. The chief articles of trade are agricultural products, amber, tea, wood, spirits, petroleum, coal, colonial wares, leather products, and chemicals. The annual value of the commerce, which has latterly some- what fallen ofT owing to Russian duties, is about $100,000,000. Kiinigsberg is the centre of the Prussian amber trade. Population, in ISOO, 161,- 666; in 1900. 189,483, chiefly Protestants, The Altstadt of Kiinigsberg owes its founda- tion to the Teutonic Knights, who built a castle there in 1255. Destroyed by the Prussians in 1263. it was built on its present site, and obtained municipal rights in 1286. Liibenirht and Kneip- hof became cities in 1300 and 1327 respectively. In 1457 the palace of Kiinigsberg became the residence of the Grand Jlasters of the Teutonic Order, and from 1525 to 1618 was the residence of the dukes of Prussia. The three towns were united in 1724. In 1758 Kiinigsberg was occupied by the Russians, and in 1807 by the French. KONIGSHUTTE, ke'niKs-hy'te. A town in the Province of Silesia, Prussia, 35 miles east- northeast of Ratibor, and about 7 miles from the Russian frontier (Jlap: Prussia. H 3), It has extensive smelting-works, and there are coal- mines near. Population, in 1890, 36,507; in 1900, 57,875. Kiinigshiilte was formed in 1869 by the consolidation of various townships. KONIGSMABK, ki:-'niKs-mark. A Swedish familv of German origin, wliose members achieved fame and notoriety in equal measure during the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. — II.N.s CiiRiSTOPii. Count Kiinigsmark, field-mar- slial in the Swedish service, was born at Kotzlin, Brandenburg, March 4, 1600. On the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War he served in the Imperial forces, but in 1630 entered the Swedish -Vnny, attaining the rank of colonel in 1635. In the following year he defeated the Imperialists, and for a long time commanded the Swedish army in Westphalia. He was with Torstenson in 1042. and commanded the left wing at the battle of Breitenfeld (q.v. ), Noveud)er 2d. He drove the Imperialists from Pomerania, and captured Bre- men and V'erden in 1644: defeateil the Saxons at Zeitz, and forced the ICleetor to a truce. He sup- ported Wrangel in Franconia (May, 1648), and connnaniled the Swedish forces in tlie final battle of the war at Prague. He was made a field- marshal and hereditarv count, and appointed Governor of Bremen and ^"erden. He was taken ])risoner in the war between Sweden and Poland ( 1650) , and remained in captivity imtil the Peace of Oliva (1660). He died in Stockholm, March 8, 1663. — PniLiPP CiiiiisTOPii, Count Kiinigsmark, a grandson of the preceding, born 1062, entered the service of the Elector of Hanover, and became the lover of Sophia Dorothea, wife of the Crown Prince (afterwards George 1. of England). This attachment was discovered, and Kiinigsmark, as is supposed, was assassinated July 1, 1694. — M.-VRIA AiRORAj sister of the preceding, born at Stade. Sweden, about 1668, was a brilliant and beautiful woman, well acquainted with life in the courts of Northern Germany. After her brother's mysterious disappearance slip went to Dresden to enlist the aid of the Elector .Augustus II. of Saxony in rescuing her brother, if alive. She became the mistress of the Elector, and the mother, by him, of Maurice of Saxony (q.v.). She afterwards retired to the Abbey of Quedlin- burg, Prussian Saxony; lived at Berlin, Dresden, and Hambvirg; and undertook a mission to Charles XII. of Sweden at Narva, in behalf of Augustus II. (1702). Voltaire considered her 'the most famous woman of two centuries.' She died at Quedlinburg. in 1728. Consult: Cramer, DoikioiirfJifjkelten drr Criiftn Marin Aurnrn I'on Kihiirixmnrk (2 vols., I^ipzig. 1836) ; Hesekiel, Xnrlirichlen zur (rC.tchichtr tlrx flrxrhlrrhtx dvr Grafcn ran Ko)iifi»mnrk (Berlin, 1854) : Palm- blad, Atirorn KonioxD'nrk riifil Hire Venrniidtrn (6 vols.. Leipzig, 1848-53) : Corvin-Wiersbitzkv, Mnrin Aurora, Griifnt ron KoviftKiiKirk (Leipzig, 1848). KONIGSTEIN. kr'nTK-stln. A town of Sax- ony. Germany, on the Elbe. 22 miles by rail south- east of Dresden. It is commanded by an old fortress, the only one in Saxony, sitiiated at an altitude of nearly 800 feet above the Elbe, on ,a precipitous rock. It formerly afforded an asylum to the Saxon priors, with their treasures, in times of danger. The present fortifications were
