KOVALEVSKY. 603 KOW-LUNG. orates. He also discovered the branchial slits of lialanoglossus aud tirat placed it in the line of vertebrate ancestry. In the embryology and posteinbryological development of insects his work was fundamental, and he made impor- tant contributions to the knowledge of tlic de- veloimient and structure of various annelids, cadenterates, and other animals. Important among his works are: Annloiiiie dcs lialunoglos- 8US delle Chiaje (1866); Entiriclclungsgeschichte der einfachen Ascidicn (18G6); Enticicklungs- geschichte des Atnphioxus lanceolattis (1867); Weittre l<ludien iiher die Entwicklung der ein- fachen Ascidien (1871) ; Embrgologischc iitudien tin M'iirmern iiiid Artliropodrn (1871); Weitere iitudien iiher die Entwicklinigsgcirhichte des Am- ■pliitjdiis hineeolatus ( 1877 ) ; Vtrlopldnti Mctschni- /i-oirii ( 1882) ; lieitiu'igc ziir ndehcmhnjonaleu Ent- virklung der Musciden, part i. (1887) ; Anatomie de I'ArchccohdeUa Esmontii de O. (Irimm ( 1800) ; Etude sur I'anatomie de I'Acanthobdella paludina (1896). KOVALEVSKY, Egor Petrovitch (1811- C8 I . A Russian traveler, born in the Government of Kharkov. As a mining engineer, he made extensive journeys in Eastern Siberia, the Kir- ghiz Steppe, and Jlontenegro (1841). Si. years afterwards he was charged by Mehemet Ali with a gold-prospecting mission in Upper Eg>-pt, and he published an account of this journey after his return to Russia (2 vols., 1840). He was next sent upon a religious embassy to China, where he put his name to the treaty favoring Russian pre- tensions in ilongolia (1851). He was subse- quently made director of Asiatic affairs at Saint Petersburg (1856). He was a promoter of the Khorasan, Chitral. and other expeditions for sci- entifie research, and the author of Peregrinu- lioiis (3 vols.. 1843-45) ; Cliinri (2 vols., 18.53) ; The llVrr iritl, Turkeii in ISoS-o^ (1868); and The Crimean War (1869). KOVALEVSKY, Sophi.v V.silyevna, better known under her pen-name. 'Sonya' ( 1850- 91). An eminent Russian mathematician and author, the daughter of General Korvin-Kru- kovsky. She was born at Moscow and brought up at Palibino, her father's estate, in the Government of Vitebsk. When in 1865 Stran- nolyulisky began to teach her calculus at Saint Petersburg, he was amazed at her quickness. -About 181)7 she and her sister, later a well- known novelist, resolved to go abroad to study. To obtain independence for the purpose a sham marriage, such as was of daily occurrence among Russian youth at this period, was decided upon. A student, Vladimir Kovalevsky, when asked to act as the fictitious husband to give Sonya's sis- ter the necessary legal status, consented on the condition of marrying Sonya herself. In October. ISfiS. the ceremony was performed, and the three went abroad the following spring, when Scinya's husband took up geology at .Tena. In 1869 she studied mathematics at Heidelberg, eliciting the warmest praise from Kijnigsberger and Kirch- hoff. In the autumn of 1870 she went to the University of Berlin, where no women were ad- mitted. At a perfunctory test at his house, the great Weierstrass was astounded by her lucid and original solutions of the problems that at the time engaged his most advanced pupils, and henceforth he guided her studies for three years. In 1874 she received the degree of Ph.D. at the University of Giittingcn on the basis of her niem- Voi,. XI.— 39. oir, Zur Theorie der partiellcn Di fferent ialgleich- ttngen. After receiving their degrees, Sonya and her husband lived together until he became in- volved in speculations in house-building, news- paper-publishing, petroleum-wells, etc. The couple jjarted, and Sonya w;ent abroad to make for her- self a name in science. But her husband's death, which followed shortly, was a crushing blow to her, and she resumed scientific work only after a lingering illness. In 1883 ilittag-Lefller, a pupil of Weierstrass and rector of the Universitj' of Stockholm, obtained for her a docentship. After a year of lecturing in German she was ap- pointed professor of higher analysis for five years, on condition of teaching in Swedish. In 1888 she received in person the Prix Bordin (doubled to 5000 francs) of the Paris Academy of Sciences for her Sur un cas parlieulier du pro- hlinte de la rotation d'un eorps pesatit autour d'uu point fixe. For two other essays, the Stock- holm Academy awarded her a prize of 1500 kroner in 1889. Besides, she contributed a num- ber of important papers to scientific periodicals. She had, moreover, literar_v abilities in addition to her mathematical talents. In 1877 she wrote The I'riiatdoeent — a sketch from the life of a small German university town — which met with a hearty reception. Her I'eeollections of Childhood, published in a Russian magazine ( 1890) , aroused widespread attention. In Sweden she formed an intimate friendship with Anna Leffler, sister of Jlittag-LefHer, and a striking figure in Scandinavian letters. They had a strong influence upon each other, and of several works written in collaboration, A Struggle for Happi- ness (1887) is the most characteristic. It is a panegjrie of love as the mainspring of complete life; and the heroine, Alice, who seeks for it in vain, is Kovalevsky herself. In one of her periods of despair .she caught a severe cold, but paid no attention to it, and attended to her lectures al- most until her death from ])neumonia, February 10, 1801, Consult her autobiography (trans, New York, 1895), and Anna Lettler, Sonja Kova- levsky (Stockholm, 1892), KOV'NO. A western government of European Russia, in Lithuania, bordering on Poland and Prussia. Area, 15,524 square miles (Map: Rus- sia, B 3), It has a level surface, inlersjiersed with numerous small lakes, and watered by the Kiemen aud its tributaries. The climate is mod- erate and healthful. Kovno is chiedy an agri- cultural region. Considerable quantities of grain are annually exported. Population, in 1807, 1,- 549,444. of whom the Lithuanians represented about 73 per cent, and the Jews 19 per cent. There are also a number of German colonists. Capital. Kovno. KOVNO. The capital of the government of the same name, in Russia, and a first-class fortress, situated at the coniluence of the Vilia with the Xienien. 506 miles southwest of Saint Petersburg (Map: Russia. B 3). It consists of the old and the new (own, ;iiid has a number of handsome squares, a park, and an interesting old town hall. The chief educalional institutions are seminaries for priests and teachers. Kovno manufactures wire nails and beer. The grain trade, once very im- portant, has now somewhat declined. Population, in 1807. 75.543, including about 35.000 Jews. KOW-LUNG, kou'lnong'. A peninsula of Southern China, situated opposite Hong Kong. A
