KOW-LUNG. 604 KRAFFT-EBING. small portion of it was ceded by the Chinese Gov- ernment to (jlreat Britain in 1801, and a lease of about 37G square miles was obtained in 181)8 for a period of 'J'J years. The population is Cliinese, and is estimated at 100.000. The harbor of Kow- lung was declared a free por.t in 1887. Adminis- tratively, the territory on the mainland forms a part of Honj; Kong. KOW'BIE PINE. A Xew Zealand tree. See Kavri Pi.ne. KOW-TOW, or KOU-TOW. A Chinese form of salutation. See Kotow. KOXrNGA, kd-shing'a or kok-sii/ga (Chin. ChiiKj Cli'iii(/-Kiiii(j} ( lG23-(;3). A noted Chinese patriot and pirate, who drove the Duteli out of Formosa and became King of that island. He was born in 1023 in Hiraldo. .Japan. His father, Ching Chih-lung, originally a poor tailor of Fu-kien, had married a Japanese wife, and, partly by trade and partly by freebooting, had amassed great wealth, and as the possessor of a fleet of 3000 junks became master of the seas. About 1G2S he apparently abandoned jjiracy, en- tered the service of the Ming Empemr of China, then struggling against formidable rebellions within and the attacks of the Jlanchus without. and became admiral of the Imperial fleet. Some years later his wife joined him at Nanking with the young Ching-kung. who was sent to school, and who at twenty-two was presented to the Em- peror, who gave him a prominent command and conferred upon him his own surname, Chii. re- marking that he was worthy to bear the Imperial surname. From this circumstance he became known as Kuoh-lisinri-yeh (in Japanese Koku- sen-ya), 'His Worship of the National Sur- name,' which was corrupted by the Portuguese into Koxinga. Ere long the Ming Emperor, find- ing himself unable to hold Nanking, lied to Fu- chow, which still held out against the !Manchus, and Koxinga's father, yielding to the overtures of the Manclnis who promised to make him a prince, was made a prisoner and carried to Peking, where he died. Koxinga, collecting his father's fleet and raising a large army, pro- ceeded to harry the Cliinese coast, capturing cities, burning and pillaging, and defying every fleet sent against liim, suffering but one severe defeat during his siege of Nanking in 1656, when he lost .500 of his ships, besides the camp equip- ment of his land forces. In 1601 he attacked the Dutch in Formosa, who surrendered after a four months' siege and retired to Batavia, and Koxinga proclaimed him- self King. With this island as a base of opera- tions, he renewed his attacks ^n China with such ferocity that, in 1662. the Manchu Government commanded the inhabitants of the two provinces of Fu-kien and Kwang-tung to remove, on pain of death, ten miles inland. Every town and vil- lage within lliat belt was burned or leveled to the ground, the roads were broken up. and for six years all means of communication with the sea were cut oflf and ill commerce ceased. In the fol- lowing year Koxinga was killed in an engagement ■with the Dutch, and was succeeded by his son, ■who, as King of Formosa, continued the anti- Manchu warfare. In 1875. on the memorial of the Imperial com- missioner then in Formosa, and the literati of T'ai-wan-fii, Koxinga was canonized, and a temple erected in his honor. KOYTTN'JIK, or KTJYUNJIK. One of the mounils of ancient Nineveli, and the only one belonging to the city proper which has been excavated with any degree of comi)letencss. It is situated east of the Tigris, opposite the pi-esent town of Mosul, and in the part of the ancient city nortli of the Khosar. The cliief discoveries at Koyunjik were made by Layard and Kassam, and include palaces of Assurbanipal and Sen- nadierib and llie famous library of the former King. For further particulars, see NiXEVEii. KOZLOFF, koz-lof, Ivan Ivanovitch (1779- 1840). A Russian poet, bom in Moscow. In 1807 he W'as Councilor of State in Jloscow. Afterwards he was transferred to Saint I'ctcrs- burg, but his career was cut short in 1812 by a stroke of paralysis, which deprived him of the power to walk. He also became blind, but studied German and English, became known as a trans- lator of Byron's liride of Abydos and Miekievicz's sonnets, and wrote an original poem. Cliernets (1824), which met with fleeting popularity. It was republished along with his other poems in the complete edition of his works brought out in Saint Petersburg (1855). KBA, kril. The isthmus connecting the Malay Peninsula with the mainland of Asia (Jlap: Asia, .J 7). It has an average width of 44 miles; it is greatly narrowed by the Pakcham and Chunipon rivers. KRA. A macaque (q.v.). KRAAL, kriil (Boer Dutch, perhaps from Sp. corral, cattle-pen. from corro, bull-ring, from ccrrcr, Lat. currcre, to run). A term in general use among the Boers (q.v.) in South Africa to denote a village, or a collection of huts in an in- closure, or sometimes a single hut in a stockade. KRAFFT, krilft. Peter (1780-1850). An Austrian painter, born at Hanau, pupil of the Academy there, and from 1700 in Vienna of Fiiger. In 1802 he went to Paris, where he was much attracted by Louis David, and became a stanch adherent of that master's school. After hi.s return to Vienna, in 1806. lie painted chiefly por- traits, of which he produced then and afterwards about 2000. l)ut did not succeed in establishing his fame until 1813, when his "Farewell of the Austrian Landwehrniann," now in the Vienna Museum, created a marked impression as the first treatment of a subject from contempo- raneous history, and led to his election as a member of the Vienna Academy. Devoting him- self henceforth to this field, he produced "Arcli- duke Charles in the Battle of Aspern" (1815), '•The Victory at Leipzig" ( 1816) , "The Landwehr- mann's Tteturn" (1820, Vienna Museum). "Coro- nation of Emperor Francis I." (1822) and '■Death of Zriny Before Sziget" (1837). both in the National Gallery. Budapest, and many others. He was appointed professor at the Academy in 1823, and director of the Belvedere Gallery in 1828. KRAFFT-EBING, nliing. Rlcn.ED, Baron von ( 1S40-11I02) . An eminent German neurologist, born at Mannheim. He was educated at Heidel- berg. Zurich, Vienna, and Prague. After three years' practice at Baden-Baden, as specialist for nervous and mental diseases, he became professor of psycholog;^^ at the University of Strassburg in 1872. A year later he went to Gratz and remained there as professor of psychology and nervous dis-
