KKETSCHMANN. 612 KREYDER. «ia»ie und Er::aliluitge)i (1790-1800); and the plays. Die Familie Eichcnkroii, Die lielagerung, and Der alte bOse (loicrul. His complete works were publislied at Leipzig (1784-1805). Con- sult Ehrmann, Die banlisclic Lyrik im achtzehn- icn Jahrhundcit (Halle, 1802). KRETSCHMER, kreoh'mOr, Edmuxd (1830 — ) . A Gurmaii musician, born at Ostritz in Saxony. He studied music with J. Otto and J. Schneider in Dresden, where in 1854 he became organist of the Catliolic Church, and Court organ- ist in 18G3. Two years later his (leisterschlacht won lirst prize at the first German Siingerfest (Dresden), and in 1808 a Mass won a prize at the international competition in Brussels. He founded and condueled several choral societies. His operas. Die Folkunger (1874), Heinrich der Liiice (both words and music, 1877). and tiehijii Botraut (1887) were popular; and he also wrote masses, suites, etc. KRETZER, kret'ser, Max (1854—-). A Ger- man novelist and dramatist. He was born at Posen, went to Berlin while he was young, edu- cated himself, and after some journalistic work began to write novels in 1880. His earlier work was very strongly reminiscent af the French realistic school. His writings include: Die beiden Ootossoi (3d ed. 1893); Sonderbnrc Schuxirmcr (2d ed. 1893) ; Drei Weiher (1885) ; Jm Siindenbahcl (1880) ; Die Bergprcdigt (1899- 01) ; Der Millioiieiibauer (3d ed. 1890. drama- tized 1891) ; Grfiirbtes Haar (1891) : Die Btich- halterin (1893) : Der Bassgeigcr (last ed. 1895) ; Die qute Tochter (1895) ; Der blinde Maler Ul- ric/i "( 189G ) ; Das (Jesicht Clirisli (1809); Ver- hiindeiie Aiigen (1890) ; Die Kiinst ;» heiratcn (1900); Der HohlHiiidler (1900); the plays, Biirgerlicher Tod (1888), Der Hohti der Fran (1898), and Die Yerderberin (1900); and the epic, Im Stiir»iiriiid des SozidUsmtis (1883), in which, as in many other works of Kretzer, there is a marked tendency toward socialism. KRETZSCHMAR, krech'miir. August Ferdi- KAND Hermann (1848—). A German musician, born at Olbernhau. He studied nuisic with J. Otto. Richter. Reinecke. and Raul, and in 1871 became a teacher of harmony and the organ at the Leipzig Conservatory, of which he was a graduate. In 1887 he became nuisical director at the L'niversity of Leipzig. A good organist and composer, he was more famous as a critic. Most important of his writings are Fiihrer diirch den Konzertsaal (3 vols. 1887), and the essays, Brahms, Venetian Opera, Peter Cornelius, and Die deiitsche Kliivicrmusik seit Sehiimann. KREUTZER, kroi'tser. Konradin (1780- 1849). A German composer, born in Baden. He was for two years a medical student at Freiburg, but abandoned his medical studies and devoted himself to music. As a boy he had studied nuisie with Rieger and Ernst Weihraueh, and at twenty years of age he protluced his first ojieretta. Die jiicherliche Werbmifi. Ten years of study (part of the time under Albrechtsberger for counterpoint) followed, during which time he produced .Esop in Fhriigirn (1808) and Jery nnd Biitehi (1810). He now made seAcral suc- cessful tours as a concert pianist, and produced a number of dramatic works. In 1817 he was appointed kapellmeister to Prince Fiirsten- berg. In 1822 he became kapellmeister at the Kiirntnerthor Theater at Vienna, which position he held for varying periods up to 1849, part of the time acting in a similar capacity at the Josephstadter Tlieater. In 1840 he went to Cologne; in 184G he returned to the X^arntner- thor Tlieater, but left it soon to become kapell- meister at Riga, where he died. He was the com- poser of about thirty operas and one oratorio, besides church music, chamber music, pianoforte l)ieces, and songs, choru.ses, etc. Of his smaller compositions a few of his songs and some of his male choruses alone remain popular. Of his oi)eras onl.y two have retained the interest of his countrvmen: Das yaehtJager von Granada (lS:i4) and the VerschHcnder (1830). KREUTZER, Rouolpiie (1700-1831). A fa- mous French violinist and composer. He was born at Versailles, and received his ejirliest education from his father, who was a musician in the Royal Chapel ; and later he was placed under Stamitz. By the time he was thirteen years of age ho had successfully appeared in I)ublie, and before he was t«enty-one had numer- ous compositions to his credit. In 1797 lie made a tour through Italy. Germany, and Holland, after which he returned to Paris with an estab- lished reputation as a violinist. He obtained the patronage of Marie Antoinette, and at the same time became violinist at the Opera Comique. His ne.t appointment was as solo violin at the Opera in succession to Rode, soon followed by the position of ehef d'orehestre, which he held for fourteen years, when he was decorated with the Legion of Honor, and became general di- r<'ctor of music at the Opera, a post which he retained till his retirement in 1820. He was a prolific composer, but his music as a rule was constructively weak, except in that written for his own instrmiient. Tlie celebrated "Kreutzer sonata" of Beethoven was dedicated to him. His works include about forty dramatic works; two symphonies: concertantes for two violins, and for two violins and cellos; concertos; quartettes; trios; duets; five sets of sonatas for violin and bass; eight sets of studies for violin; and airs with variations. He collaborated with Rode and Baillnt in the preparation of the celebrated vio- lin method used in the Paris Conservatory. He died in Geneva. KREUZER, kroi'tser (Ger., from Eretiz, cross, formerly stamped on it). A small copper coin, current "until 1870 in South Germany, the sixdetli part of the gulden or, florin (q.v.). KREUZNACH, kroits'naG. A town in the Rhine Province. Prussia, on the Nahe. nine miles south-southwest of Bingen (ilap: Prussia. B 4). It has crooked, narrow streets, and old-fashioned houses, and is noted chiefly for its salt springs, discovered in 1478. which are very effieacious for skin diseases. The waters and salt of Kreuz- nach are exported in considerable quantities, and the place is visited annually by about 7000 people. In the vicinity of the town are the ruins of a Roman castrum. Krcuznach has con- siderable trade in tobacco, leather, combs, gla.ss bottles, wine, and cereals. Population, in 1890, 18,143: in 1000. 21.334. The town is mentioned as early as 819. and was once the capital of the County of Sponheim. KREYDER. kra'dar'. Alexis (1839—). A French painter of flowers and fruit, born at Andlau (Alsace). He was a pupil of Laville
