KBOTOSCHIN. 615 KRUG. KBOTOSCHIN, kio'tu-shiii. A town in the Prussian Piuviiicc uf Posen, 43 miles northeast of Breslau (Map: Prussia, G 3). Its manu- factures include machinery, iron, bricks, and trinmiid hiniber. Popuhition. in 11)00, 12,378. KROYER, krC-'yOr, Peter Severo (1851—). A Norwegian genre and portrait jiainter, bom at Stavanger. He was a pupil of the Copen- hagen Academy, and afterwards studied in Paris under Bonnat. He traveled extensively in Euroi)e, especially in Italy, and one of his most representative paintings is "The Italian Village Hatmaker," in the Copenhagen Gallery, which obtained a first-class medal at the Salon of 1881. It is a model of vigorovis realistic work. After his return to Denmark he produced sev- eral genre sul)jects. such as ■"Fishermen Setting Out by Night," "Artist's Breakfast at Skagen," "A Summer Day Upon the Beach at Skagen," and "The Musical Soiree" (1888). His most notable portrait study is "The Committee for the French Section of the Copenhagen Exhibi- tion of 1888." in which, as in all his interiors, he shows great skill in the management of light. K«OZET (krd-za') ISLANDS. A volcanic arcliipclago in tlic Indian Ocean. See C'bozet ISL.NDS. KRU, kroH, or KRUMEN, kroo'mcn. A tribe of negroes living on the coasts of Liberia and French Guinea in West Africa. The Kru are among the few African tribes that are skilled in seafaring. They are noted as boat-builders and as hardy sailors and are valued as crews for men- of-war and merchant ships. They are also the best factory workers of all the negroes, and one may depend on their obedience, faithfulness, and courage. Their fairness in bargain and readi- ness to enter into engagements have given them a great |)art of the trade of their country. Con- sult Buttikofer. Reisebilder aus Liberia, vol. ii. (teyden, 1890). KRtJDENER, kru'den-er, Barbara. Jitliane, Baronivss von i 1704-1824). A novelist of the Ro- mantic school and one of the most prominent apostles of Pietism during the early years of the nineteenth century. She was born at Riga. No- vember 21, 1704. the daughter of Privy Council- or von VietingliofT. one of the richest landown- ers of Livonia. In 1783 she married Baron Burkhard von Kriidener. a widower of fifty and a rising diplomat, at this time attached to the Russian Embassy at Paris. In 1784 the Baron became Ambassador to 'enice and two years later was transferred to Copenhagen. The young wife devoted herself to her husband with an excess of tenderness which proceeded from her absence of love. Bad health and ennui sent her in 1789 to France, where she lived in Paris, Bareges, and ^tontpcllier. surrounded by a little court of sentimental worshipers, chief among whom was Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, author of Piiiil find Viifiiniii. In France, too. she fell in love with a young ollicer in the Hussars, and with two brief intervals lived apart from her husband, and in 1701 she returned to her hus- band, confessed her guilt, and demanded her free- dom. The honor of the name made this im- possible, but except for a temporary reconcilia- tion in 1703 and a subsequent spasmodic return to her marital duties, the two lived apart till the Baron's death in 1S02. For the Baroness this was a period of gay frivolity passed in Ger- many and Switzerland. In 1801 she met Ma- dame de Stael at Coppet and in December ac- companied her to Paris, where her wonderful powers of witcherj' sprang into full play. In 1803 she published Valerie, a novel of feeling, based on the love episode with her husband's secretary. It was marked by charm of stj'le and a delicacy of sentiment bordering on mysti- cism. The author of ^'alerie took her place among the literary gods of Paris. In 1804 she returned to Riga and there in the following year occurred her remarkable 'conver- sion' to the teachings of the Jloraviaus. She speedily began to preach the worth of unworldli- ness, self-surrender to the will of God, and a re- turn to the simplicity of Christ's teaching. At Kijnigsberg. in 1807, Queen Louise of Prussia fell under her influence. From Konigsberg she trav- ersed Germany to Karslruhe, where she asso- ciated much with Jung-Stilling (q.v.) and be- came thoroughly steeped in pieti-sm and a con- vert to dreams of the millennium. For nearly eight years she continued her missionarj' work in Germany, till in May, 1815, at Heilbronn in Wiirttemberg, she met the Emperor Alexander of Russia, then in the full flush of his glory as leader of the victorious Allies against Napoleon. The Emperor fell immediately under her spell. He prayed and read the Scriptures with her and took her with him to Paris, where her house be- came the centre of a pietistic movement as in- tense as it was short-lived. Her influence over Alexander continued unabated, and as the Em- peror's 'conscience' she was instrumental in furthering the formation of the Holy Alliance ( q.v. ) , though she was not its originator, as is frequently stated. With the Czar's departure for Russia her downfall began. She removed to Basel, where her preaching aroused the hos- tility of the authorities and led to her expul- sion. Followed by a mob of fanatics and beggars, she wandered through Northern Switzerland without finding a place of refuge, yet steadfastly pursuing her mission. In 1817 she set out for her home at Kosse. There she remained till 1820, when she went to Saint Petersburg. With Princess Anna Golitzyn she became the leader of a religious revival which spread rapiiUy among the polite classes and assumed such dimensions as to arouse the displeasure of the Czar, who in addition was angered by Madame Kriidener's in- tercessions in behalf of the Greeks, who were then engaged in their struggle for independence against the Turks. She was compelled to leave the capital and returned to Kosse; but a danger- ous disease brought on by her ascetic practices necessitated her departure for the Crimea, where she died, at Karasu-Bazar, on Christmas morn- ing. 1824. Consult Ford. Life and Leltem of Madame Kriidener (London, 1803). which con- tains a complete bibliography of the subject. KRT7ELL, kn.il, Gustav (1843—). A Ger- man-American wood-engraver, born in Diissel- dorf. He was a pupil there of Brendamour. In 1873 he removed to the United States, and after- wards settled in East Orange. New Jersey. He has taken high rank as an engraver of portraits. He received honorable mention at the Paris Ex- position of 1880. and a medal at the Columbian Exposition of 1893. KRUG, krOoo, Ar.nold (1849-1904). A Ger- man pianist and composer, born at Hamburg. He
