KRUG. 616 KRUGER. Btudied under his father (Dietrich Krug), who was a nuisie-teaclier, and under Gurlitt. In 1868 he entered the Leipzig Conservatory and the next year won the Jlozart scholarsliip and be- came a pupil of Reinecl<e, Kiel, and Frank. He taught the piano at the Stern Conservatory 1872-77, and in the latter year received the Meyerbeer scholarship and was enabled to travel in Italy ami France. In 1885 he became a teach- er at the Hamburg Conservatory and conductor of the Altona Singakademie. Ilis compositions, which are melodious, include a symphony, suites, concertos, songs, and a number of large choral works with orchestral accompaniment. KRTJG, WiLUELii Tkaugott (1770-1842). A German philosophical writer, born at Eadis (Prussia). He studied at Wittenberg as a pupil of Eeinhard and Jelmichen. and at Jena under Reinhold, and from 1801 to 1804 was professor of philosophy in the University of Frankfort-on- the-Oder. In 1S04 he succeeded Kant as pro- fessor of logic and metaphysics at Kiinigsberg, and from 1809 until his retirement in 1834 held the chair of philosophy at Leipzig. He fouglit in the War of Liberation (1813-14) as captain of mounted chasseurs. His Handbuch dir Philosophie und philosophischcn Litteratur (1820-21; 3d ed. 1828) gives in concise form his philosophical system, a lengthy exposition of which was developed in the Fundainentalphilo- Sophie (1803). the Si/strin der theoretischen Philosophie (1806-10), and the Si/stem der prak- iischcH. Philosophie (1817-19). This system has for its basic idea a transcendental synthesis of being and knowledge; that is, synthesife original and therefore une.xplainable, in accord- ance with which the understanding recognizes the existence of the subject and of the external world, and of a connection between these. Thus it is seen to be an attempted harmony of ideal- ism and realism. Consult the autobiography Heine LeJiensreise (2d ed., Leipzig, 1840). KRUGER, kru'ger, Franz (1797-1857). A German portrait and animal painter, born at Radegast, Anhalt-Dessau. Entirely self-taught by diligent study of nature, he early won recog- nitiim and patronage among the aristocracy in Berlin. All his equestrian portraits, as well as his larger compositions depicting reviews and othw military' and State fimctions and sporting scenes, are remarkable for faithful characteriza- tion of man and beast and minute execution of details. For the Czar of Russia, who afterwards summoned him repeatedly to Saint Petersburg, he painted the "Parade on the Opernplatz in Ber- lin, 1829," containing more than one hundred portraits of Berlin celebrities of that time. Of equal historical interest are the "Parade of the Guards Before Frederick William III." (1839), and "The Estates Taking the Oath of Allegiance to Frederick William IV. in 1840" (1843), both in the Royal Palace, Berlin. Among several equestrian groups may be mentioned "Czar Nicholas I. and Suite"' (1834), the sketch for which is in the National Gallery, Berlin, which also contains "Going to the Meet," "Return from the Hunt" (1818), and "Horse Stable" (1847). Kriiger was Court painter, professor at the Ber- lin Academy, and the recipient of many orders and distinctions. KRtrGER, Karl WrLHELM (1796-1874). A German Hellenist, born at Gross-Nossin in Pome- rania, and educated at Halle (1810-20). From 1820 to 1838 he taught at Zerbst, Bernburg, and Berlin. His writings include: Uricchische Uprachlehre fUr Hchulen (1842-56; 6th ed. 1892); Eistorisch-philologischc titudien (1836- 51); Kritische Anulektcn (1863-74); and edi- tions of Xenophon, Thucydides, and Herodotus. Consult PiJkel, Kriigers Lebensahriss (Leipzig, 18S.JJ. KRUGER, Paul (1840—). A German jurist. He was born in Berlin, where he studied juris- jirudence. In 1SU3 he began to lecture on Roman law at the university of his native town. His contributions to law literature include: Proves- sualische Konsumtion und Rcchiskraft dcs Er- li'ennlnisscs (1864); Krilik des Justinianischen, Codex (1867); Kritische Versuehe im Oebiete des romischeii Ileehts (1870); and Gesehichte der Quellen und Litteratur des romischcn liechts (1888). The last named wiis translated into French by J. Brissaud (1893). Especially im- portant are his critical edition of the Codex Jus- tiniunus (1877) and his Justinianische Institu- tionen (1867). KRUGER, kroo'ger, STEPnAXU.s Joiia::»xes Paulus ( 182.5-1904). President of the South African Rejiublic (1SS3-1900I. He was born in Colesberg, Cape Colony, October 10, 182.5. His an- cestor, Jacob Kruger, went from Berlin in the Dutch East India Company's service in 1713. iit the time when the foundations of many of the leading Boer families were being laid by im- migration. In 1836 young Paul shared with his family the hardships of the great trek, when the blunders of the British colonial administration made enemies of the leading Boers of Cape Colony and drove them to a self-imposed exile which resulted in the found- ing of the new South African Re])ublie beyond the Vaal. (See Boer.) Paul's mother, who was a Steyn, died in his early youth and his father in 1852. The young man grew to manhood amid the hardships which attended the w-inning of the country from the savage natives. He was dis- tingui.shed for strength and personal pi'owess, as well as for deep religious convictions. After the Sand River Convention (1852). when the conflict arose between two parties among the Boers tiicni- selves. Kruger cast his lot with the nationalist and orthndfix party of Pretorius. and in the collision of the Pretorius party with the Orange Free State in 1857 he was one of the negotiators on the part of the former of the treaty which averted hostilities. He then held the rank of commandant in the Rustenburg district. In the rivalry between the Dutch Reformed and Sepa- ratist Reformed churches he was a strong sup- porter of the latter as the more orthodox. He headed the movement to overthrow Schoeman, who misused his powers as Acting President in 1860. Elected commandant^general of the re- organized Republic in 1863. Kruger put down the civil strife which had been the curse of the Boers from the time they obtained their inde- pendence, arranged peace with the Zulus and defeated the Basutos. He was Vice-President of the Republic under President Burgers. In 1877, when the failure of the Burgers policy and the skillful diplomacy of Sir Theophilus Shepstone had brought the Republic to the point of a grudg- ing reception of annexation, Kruger became the head of the protesting Nationalist Party, although
