KUHN. 623 KUHNE. richte iiher die morgrnhindischen Studien. He also published briefer studies on Pali, Singhalese, and other Oriental languages. KtfHN, ki.m. or KINO, ke'n6. ErsEBics Fbanz (C.1G50-1711 ). A Jesuit missionary, born in Trent. Austria. After teaching mathematics for a lime at the University of Ingolstadt, he sailed on a mission to Mexico, where he and Fa- ther Salva Tierra imdertook (1G8()) to convert the native tribes in what are now California and Arizona. Father Kiihn's labors met with great success. The result of his long and hazardous foot journeys was the establishment (1043-47) of the missions of Santa-Maria Somanca. Guer- avi, Cocospera. San f'ayetano. and ten others, the largest being San Xavier del Bac. in Arizona. Few of these survived him, but his manuscripts remain, and two of them were printed under the titles ExpUcacion astronomica del cojneta que se rid en todo cl orbe en 16S0 y lliSl (Mexico, 1081 ) and Uapa del paso por tierra d la Califor- nia (1706). KUHN, Fra>-z, Baron von Kuhnenfeld (1817- 00). An Austrian general, born at Prossnitz, Jforavia. He entered the army in 1837, took part in the campaigns of 1848 and 1849 in Italy and Hungary, and distinguished himself par- ticularly in the battles of Santa Lucia and (?us- tozza, and at Milan. During the Italian cam- paign of 18.50 he was chief of staff, and in 1806 conmiander of the forces in Tyrol, where he suc- cessfully repulsed the invasion of Garibaldi. Promoted after the war to lieutenant field-mar- shal, he was appointed Minister of War in 1868, in which capacity he rendered important services by reorganizing the army and perfecting the Landwehr. In 1873 his rank was raised to that of Feldzeugmeister, and in 1874 he assumed the command of the forces in the provinces of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola, and of the Third Army Corps at Gratz. He was suddenly relieved of his post in 1888, owing to his over-frank criticism of the inspector-general of the army. Archduke Albrecht. Besides various writings on astro- nomical, geographical, and military subjects, he piitdished Der Gebirgskrieg (2d ed. 1878). KUHN, Fraxz Felix AoALnERx (1812-81). A celebrated German philologist and mythologist, born at Konigsberg-in-der-Xeumark. Province of Brandenburg, Prussia. He was educated at the University of Berlin, in 1841 became an instruct- or in the Kollnischcs Gymnasium of Berlin, in 18.50 a professor in that institution, and in 1870 its director. He was a founder (18.51) of the Zeitschrift fiir rergleichende Sprachforsehung, in which Karl Verner published (187.5) the article "Eine Ausnahme der ersten Lautver- schiebung." the first announcement of Verner's law (q.v.) ; and (1850) of the Beitrage :ur ver- gleichenden Sprachforsehung. combined with the former in 1875 in the Zeitschrift fiir rerglei- chende Spraehforsehuna auf dem Gebiete der uidogcrmanischen Uprachen. His Zur iiltesten fleschiehte der indogcrmanischen Volkcr (1845) was a pioneer attempt toward a restoration of the civilization of the primitive Indo-Germanic race. Kuhn was a founder of the new science of com- parative mythology, to which he contributed nu- merous papers in the journals edited by him. and his admirable Hrrnbkiinft des Feiicrs und des Gfittertranks (18.50), standard in its field and an admitted criterion for researches of the sort. He also wrote on specifically Teutonic mythology and folklore {Hagen, Gebrauche und llurchen aus Weslfalen, 1859). KUHNATJ, kw'nou. .JoHANN (1607-1722). A German musician and author, born in Geising, Sa.xony. As a pupil of tlie Kreuzschule at Dres- den, and as a chorister in that city, he gained a thorough musical education. In 1080 the plague compelled him to leave Dresden, and after serving as cantor at Zittau he became (1684) organist of Saint Thomas's, at Leipzig. In 1700 he was made musical director of the university there, and cantor at Saint Thomas's. Of his composi- tions, those for the piano (clavier) are most im- portant, and he is ranked as the greatest com- poser for that instrument before Bach. He is also famous for having developed the separate movements of the sonata. He wrote a number of books on music, and besides was the author of many translations and some excellent satirical poetry. He died in Leipzig. KUHNE, ku'ne, August (1829-83). A Ger- man novelist, whose pseudonym was Johannes van Detiall. He was born at Herford, in West- phalia, the son of an officer. In 1848 he became an otilcer in the artillery at Berlin, and he took part in the campaigns of 1806 and 1870. His first essay in literature was Geschichfe des ddnischen Feldzugs (1804). Skizzen aus dem Feldzug von ISGti (1868) was published anonj-mously. Like the history of the Danish campaign, it showed its author to be possessed of a keen and lively man- ner of presentation. But he is better known for his later works, the humorous tales, Kadetten- geschichten (1878),. and such novels as Eine grosse Dame (1872) ; Der rote Baschlik (1872) ; Der Ulan (1874); Der Hpiel professor (1874); Vnkraut ini Weizen (1877); and Die beiden Russinnen (1880). KtJHNE, Ferdixaxd Gustav (1806-88). A German novelist and critic, born at Magdeburg, and educated at Berlin, where he was a pupil of Hegel. His relation to the 'Young Germany' movement is manifest in his carlj- novel, Eine Quarantane im Irrenhause (1835), and his Chris- tus auf der Wanderschaft, a satire on the Pa- pacy (1870), and in the Klosternovellen (1838 and 1877). His poetry in its general tone, if not in its purpose, may be considered typical of the same school. Besides his novels, mostly his- torical, for example. Die Rebellen von Irland (1840) and Die Freimaurer, probably his best romance (1854): his dramas, Isaura ron Kas- tilien, Kaiser Friedrich III., and Die Tersehico- rung von Dublin, and the continuation of Schil- ler's Demetrius, especial mention should be made of his critical essays, such as Wcibliche und miinnliche Charaktere (1838) ; Portrdts und Sil- houetten (1843): and. most important of all, Deutsche Miinner und Frauen (1851). in which, as in all his prose, are present a fine realism, keen judgment, and an elegant style. In 1890 Pierson edited Empfundenes und Gedachtes. Lose Blatter aus G. Kiihnes Schriften. Consult Pier- son, Gustav Kiihne (Dresden, 1890). KtJHNE, Wn.iiEi.M ( 1837 — ) . A German phy- siologist, born in Ilamburg. He received his sci- entific training at Giittingen, Jena. Berlin, Paris, and Vienna : was chemical assistant in the Patho- logical-Anatomical Institute of the University of Berlin in 1861-68. and professor of physiology in the University of Amsterdam from 1868 to 1871.
