KUHNE. 624 KTJ-KLUX KLAN. In 1871 he was appointed to the chair of physiol- ogy and the directorship of the Physiological In- stitute at Heidelberg. He made original re- searches in pliysiological cliemistry, and in re- gard to the nerves and muscles. His puljlications include Myologische Uiilcrsiichiinyen (18G0) and a Lehrbuch dcr plii/siuloyischen Chemie (18CG-G8). KUHNEN, koo'ncn, Pierre Louis (1812-78). A Belgian landscape painter, born, of German parentage, at Aix-la-Chapello. lie was a pupil of Bastine, and about 1840 went to live in Brus- sels, where he received a gold medal in 1845 for work exhibited. The following year he was awarded a third-class decoration in Paris for his Salon picture, "ElTet de soleil couchant." At the exhibition of 1855 he exhibited "Incendie d'un chateau feodal," "L'approche de I'orage dans les ruines de Schimpen," "La vallee de I'Alir," "Le manoir en mine." and "La mare," all ])ainted between 1847 and 1852. and at the Universal Ex- position of 1807 his "Cabane prfes d'une ruine" and "Paysage et animaux" were displayed. KiJHNEK, ku'ner, Raphael (1802-78). A German philologist. He was born in Gotha, was educated at Giittingen, and from 1824 to 1803 taught in the Hanover Lyceum. He ])ublished an edition of the Tuscuhiiuc DiKputniiones of Cicero (1829, 5th ed. 1874). and Greek and Latin grammars once extremely popular. KUILENBURG, koi'len-boUrK, or CULEN- BORG, knn'lrn-ljorK. A town of the Nether- lands, situated on the left bank of the river Leek, 12 miles southeast of Utrecht (Map: Nether- lands, D 3). The town has a good harbor, and is well known for its railroad bridge, which crosses the river in a single span of 492 feet. The principal manufactures are cigars, ribbons, and Hour. Population, in 1899, 8280. KUKA, koti'ka. Formerly one of the largest towns of Central Africa, and capital of the King- dom of Bornu (q.v.), situated near the western coast of Lake Chad (Map: Africa. F 3). Its population was estimated at 50,000 to 00,000. Kuka was an important slave market. It was completely destroyed by Rabeh, the conqueror of Bornu, in 1898! KU-KAI, koo'ki. See KoBO Daishi. KU-KLTJX KLAN, or KTJKLTJX, ku'kluks' (from <ik. ki7kXos, Ici/klos. circle, so called as being a .secret society, and Eng. chiii. with altered spelling to give the mysterious abbreviation K. K. K.). A secret organization which existed in .some of the Southern States during the period, roughly speaking, from 1860 to 1872. It is said to have originated in Giles County, Tenn., in 1860, during the administration of Governor Brownlow, and to have been at first an associa- tion of young men for mutual pleasure and amusement. The demoralization and turbulence of the negroes at the close of the war necessitated, it was said, some means of restraint, which the Government did not then afford. The 'association' devised by the young men of Tennessee was adapted to this purpose. In its beginnings it was not greatly different from the old slave patrol, and was intended simply to scare the superstitious blacks into good behavior and obedience, and its membership comprised some of the best citizens of the South. Its original purposes as set forth in the prescript or constitution of the Klan, a cop5' of which is printed in the report of the so- called Ku-Klux Committee of Congress, were the protection of the weak and innocent from the outrages of lawless and brutal persons; the re- lief of the injured and oppressed; the extension of aid to widows and orphans of Confederate soldiers; and assistance to the (iovcnnncnt in the execution of all constitutional laws. The prominent Southerners who testified Ijcfore the Congressional committee asserted in justification that it was intended to counteract the evil infiu- ence of the Loyal Leagues, or secret political organizations of the negroes, which were formed imder the direction of 'carpetbag' politicians for the purpose of controlling the votes of the blacks in the elections. But the organization was soon perverted. It became a band for the purpose of whipping, banishing, and nuudering negroes and 'Northern men.' Many of the better class of citizens aban- doned it ; and henceforth it consisted of the more restless and lawless characters of the South. At first the organization did not bear the same name in every part of the South. It was variously known as "The Knights of the White Camelia,' 'The Pale Faces,' 'The Brother- hood,' etc., but eventually came to be known everywhere by the more mysterious name of the Ku-Klu.x Klan. Its sphere of operations was styled the 'Invisible Empire'; the cliicf function- ary was the Grand Wizard ; each Slate was a Eealm, ruled over b_y a Grand Dragon; each Congressional district was a Dominion, at the head of which was the Grand Titan; each county was a Province imder the rule of a Grand Giant; and each county was subdivided into Camps or Dens, each governed by a Grand Cyclops. The members of a Den were called Ghouls. They went disguised in their nocturnal raids, the prevailing costume being a long white robe, a mask for the face, and a liigh cardboard hat or cap with ears or horns attached. The horses wiiich they rode were quite as efi'ectively disguised. Exaggerated tales circulated among the freedmcn as to the numerical strength and supernatural powers of the Ku-Klux, said to be spirits of dead Confederate soldiers. Resolutions to punish were introduced in secret meeting of the Klan, and its decision took the form of a decree. The most frequent victims were negroes active in politics, agents of the Kreedmcn's Bu- reau, 'carpetbaggers,' 'scalawags,' and Northern school-teachers and ministers. These were some- times merelj' warned to desist from a certain course, or notified to leave the community, but sometimes suffered punishments of whipping or death. In the case of a mere warning or noti- fication, the decree was couched in a strange and half-mysterious phraseology, and posted in some conspicuous place about the premises of the vic- tim for whom it was intended. The following is a typical example: K K. K. Dismal Swamp. 2D, XI /IT. 11th hour. ■ Mene, mene. tekel upharsin. The bloody dagger is drawn; tlic tr.ving hour is at hand; beware. Your steps are marlied; the eye of the darlt chief is upon you. First lip warne; then the avenging dagger flashes in the moon- light. By Order "of the Grand Cyclops: LIXTO. Following the withdrawal of the military gov- ernments in the South between 1808 and 1870 and the restoration of civil government, the Ku- Klux 'outrages' increased to such a degree as to
