then. In 1837 this resolution was by vote expunged from the record. The ‘bank war’ closed in 1836-37; the old bank was not rechartered; and after some time the independent treasury or ‘sub-treasury’ system was invented to take its place as a depository for public money. During Jackson's terms the national debt was entirely paid off; the Indians were removed from Georgia, and nearly all of them from Florida; and two States, Arkansas and Michigan, were admitted to the Union. The chief disturbing element was the question of slavery, and the great financial panic of 1837 was just beginning when he left the chair. His personal ascendency allowed him without opposition to name his successor, Martin Van Buren, who had skillfully won his friendship. On quitting office he published a farewell address. and retired to the Hermitage, as his home near Nashville was called, where he passed the remainder of his life, always, however, taking a deep interest in public affairs. He died June 8, 1845.
Jackson seems to have been very amiable when things were going his way, but when opposition arose his violence of temper and action was ungovernable. He was essentially a man of action and not a thinker, although in his often-assailed bank policy he seems to have been nearer right in some respects than his critics. He was, take him all in all, one of the most commanding personalities in our history; but it seems clear that many of his decisions were determined by the way of manipulation by friends—known as the ‘Kitchen Cabinet’—who shrewdly used his force and popularity. For his biography, consult: Eaton (Philadelphia, 1824); Cobbett (New York, 1834); Kendall (New York, 1844); Parton (3 vols., New York, 1860); and Sumner, in the “American Statesmen Series,” new ed. (New York, 1900); also Benton, Thirty Years' View (New York, 1854); and Peck, Jacksonian Epoch (New York, 1899).
JACKSON, Benjamin Daydon (1846—). A noted British botanist, born in London and educated at private schools. He is perhaps best known as the compiler of Index Kewensis (q.v.), a reference book which appeared from 1893 to 1895, and which was at once accepted as authority throughout the world for names of flowering plants. In 1880 he was elected president of the Linnæan Society. Among his other works are Guide to the Literature of Botany (1881); Vegetable Technology (1882); Glossary of Botanical Terms (1900).
JACKSON, Charles (1775-1855). An American jurist, born at Newburyport, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1793; studied law with Chief Justice Parsons, and commencing practice in 1796 at Newburyport, rose to a high position at the bar. In 1803 he removed to Boston, where, associated with Judge Hubbard, he had the most lucrative practice in the State. He was judge of the Massachusetts Supreme Court from 1813 to 1824, a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1820, and one of the commissioners to revise the State laws in 1833. He published a Treatise on the Pleadings and Practice in Real Actions (1828) which is a standard work on the law of property.
JACKSON, Charles Loring (1847—). An American chemist, born in Boston and educated at Harvard and at Berlin. In 1868 he became assistant and in 1881 professor of chemistry at Harvard. He published a number of papers, mainly on topics of inorganic chemistry, in the Proceedings of the American Academy and in The American Journal of Science.
JACKSON, Charles Thomas (1805-80). An American scientist, born at Plymouth, Mass. He graduated at the Harvard Medical School in 1829, and took time during the last two years of his course to make a mineralogical and geological survey of Nova Scotia in company with Francis Alger of Boston. An account of this expedition is contained in the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He went to Europe in 1829, and spent three years studying in Paris, varied by occasional trips to Germany and Italy. In 1833 he began the practice of medicine in Boston, but soon abandoned it to devote himself to chemistry, mineralogy, and geology. He was State geologist of Maine in 1836, of Rhode Island in 1839, and of New Hampshire in 1840. In 1837 he had a violent controversy with Morse, to whom he claimed to have given the idea of the telegraph. He explored the wilderness on the southern shore of Lake Superior in 1844, and from 1847 till 1849 was United States surveyor of mineral lands in Michigan. He claimed to be the discoverer of the anæsthetic properties of ether, and this involved him in a dispute with Dr. W. T. G. Morton. His claim was supported by many Boston physicians, and a committee appointed by the French Academy of Sciences to investigate the matter decided that both men were entitled to recognition. Dr. Jackson published elaborate reports of his work as a State geologist, and as a member of the United States Geological Survey; contributed articles to the American Journal of Science and Arts, to the Comptes Rendus, and to the Bulletin de la Société Géologicale de France; and wrote a Manual of Etherization, with a History of Its Discovery (1863).
JACKSON, Fort. See Fort Jackson.
JACKSON, George Thomas (1852—). An American physician and dermatologist, born in New York City. He graduated in medicine at Columbia University in 1878, and studied for two years in Europe. From 1884 he devoted himself exclusively to dermatology, and became specialist in that subject in the chief New York colleges and hospitals. He is the author of: Diseases of the Hair and Scalp (1887, revised 1893); Baldness (1889); and The Ready Reference Handbook of Diseases of the Skin (1892).
JACKSON, Helen Fiske Hunt (1831-85). An American poet and novelist, better known by her pen-name of ‘H. H.’ She was born at Amherst, Mass., October 18, 1831. Her father was Professor N. W. Fiske. At twenty-one she married Major Edward B. Hunt, of the United States Engineers, who died in 1863. She married afterwards (1875) William S. Jackson, a banker of Colorado Springs, Col. She died at San Francisco, August 12, 1885. Helen Hunt was educated at Ipswich, Mass., and in New York, and began to write for periodicals during her residence as a widow at Newport. R. I. Her poems won her friends, and in 1870 she published a volume of “Verses by H. H.,” which was read widely. From this time her pen was constantly employed. The most ambitious of her works are the novels Mercy Philbrick's Choice
