generosity as to the use of public funds and the results of archaeological excavations. There are now seven departments: (1) Egyp- tian antiquities; (2) Oriental antiquities and ceramics; (3) Greek and Roman antiquities; (4) paintings, drawings, and prints; (5) sculptures of the Jliddles Ages, Renaissance, and modern times; (0) works of art of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, and modern times; (7) marine and ethnographic collections. These departments are each in charge of a conservateur and assistant. The catalogues and other illustrative works is- sued are scholarly, and the large group of emi- nent scholars in charge have made possible the establishment of the famous Ecole du Louvre in 1882, with advanced courses intended to de- velop specialists in archseology and art. The full course of instruction covers three years of study, and the Louvre has thus become in every way the centre in France for the study of past forms of art. Consult Babeau, Le Louvre el son his- ioire (Paris, 1895).
LOVAGE, liiv'aj (OF. luvesche, levesclw, Fr.
livcchc, from Lat. ligusticum, lovage, from Ligus-
ticus, Ligurian, from Liyurin, Liguria, from
Ligus, Ligin; a Ligurian; influenced by popular
etymology with love), Leinsticum. A genus of
plants of the natural order Uihbellifera'. Com-
mon lovage (Levisticiim ofjieiimle) is a native of
the south of Europe, with ternate decompound
leaves, and obovate wedge-shaped leaflets. It is
sometimes cultivated in gardens, and, notwith-
standing its strong and peculiar odor, is used as
a salad-plant. Its aromatic, acrid, and stimulant
roots and seeds are used in confectionery and
medicine.
LOVAT, Itiv'at, Simon Fraser, twelfth Lord
(C.1GG7-1747) . A Scottish chieftain and Jaco-
bite intriguer. He was the second son of Thomas
Fraser, fourth son of Hugh, ninth Lord of Lovat.
His mother was Sybilla, daughter of the chief
of the Macleods. He was educated at King's Col-
lege, Aberdeen, graduated M.A. in 1(18.3, and al-
ways bore the reputation of a scholarly man. The
Erasers, of Norman origin, possessed extensive
territories in the county of Inverness. Simon had
influence with the clan, and. although not the
direct heir, acquired these lands by intrigue. He
also abducted and compelled the widow of the
late lord to marry him — a course which involved
him in constant turmoil. On the accession of
Queen Anne, when his opponents became a'll-pow-
erful, he fled to the Continent. He was at the
bottom of the hoax called the 'Queensbcrry Plot'
in 1703, in which he professed to reveal the policy
of the exiled Court and a plan for a rising in
its favor among the Highlanders. He had been
outlawed, but be was still the darling of his
clan, and in 1713 they sent an ambassador to
bring him over. The holder of his estates hav-
ing joined the insuri'ection of 1715, Simon found
it his interest to take the Government side.
His elan at once left the insurgents; and for
this good service he was invested with the es-
tates, not only by the votes of his clan, but
by the law. His life for the ensuing thirty
years was active with local intrigues calcu-
lated to strengthen his influence. In the insur-
rection of 1745 he tried to play a dovible game,
sending forth his clan, under the command of his
-son, to fight for the Pretender, and deeply plot-
ting for that cause, while he professed to be a
loyal subject. He thus became a special object of
the vengeance of the Government, and after vari-
ous vicissitudes was captured, taken to London,
tried and beheaded. Consult Hurton, Life of
Simon, Lord Lovat (London, 1847).
LOVE A LA MODE. A comedy by C. Mack-
lin (1759). An heiress, Charlotte Goodchild, is
freed from the attentions of three fortune-hunting
suitors hy the feigned loss of her money, and
marries her disinterested lover. Sir Callaghan
O'Brallaghan.
LOVE-BIRD. The popular name for many
diminutive parrots of various genera and even of
difl'erent families, natives of the warm parts of
America, of Africa, the East Indies, and Austra-
lia. They receive their name from the afl;ection
which they manifest toward one another, whether
in a wild state or in a cage. African species
{Agapornis roseieollis or Agapornis pullaria)
about the size of a sparrow are now common
as cage-birds in Europe and iVmerica. They are
lively birds, and fond of being caressed. They
feed on the seeds, etc., on which canaries are fed,
and are fond of chickweed and other plants,
with seeds ripe or nearly so. The South American
love-birds are all members of the genus Psitta-
cula, of which seven or eight species are knovn.
The African species are of the genus Agapornis,
and the Australian and East India love-birds are
grouped in several genera. Of these last, one
species [yasiterina pygrtuta) is noted as the
smallest of the parrots. See Colored Plate of
Parrot,s.
LOVE-FEAST. A religious service observed
by certain bodies in imitation of the agapte of the
early Christians. ( See Agap.?^. ) It is celebrated
by Moravians generally in connection with a
solemn festival, or preparatory to the com-
munion. Hjanns are sung, a simple meal is
served, and in some churches the minister makes
an address at the close. Wesley introduced the
observance among the Methodists, appointing one
evening in each quarter for the men, another for
the women, and a third for both together. In the
Methodist Episcopal Church the feast is cele-
brated at the quarterly conference, under the
charge of the presiding elder, or, in his absence,
of the pastor of the church. The Scriptures are
read, with singing and prayer, religious experi-
ences are related, and reports are heard upon
Church matters ; the Lord's Supper i.s also often
observed at the same time. Love-feasts after the
primitive order are held in some of the Baptist
missionary churches, and every Sunday by the
Sandemanians.
LOVE'JOY, Elijah Parish (1802-37). An
American alinlitionist, born at Albion, Maine.
He graduated at Water'ille College in 1820, and
at the Princeton Theological Seminary in 1833.
Soon after being ordained, he became editor of
the tfainl Louis Observer, an influential Presby-
terian paper. At first he refrained from taking
any part in the anti-slavery agitation, but as
time went on he began to insert occasional para-
. graphs in his paper which evinced a moderate
opposition to slavery, and finally, aroused by the
burning of a negro murderer, he wrote an edi-
torial that excited the wrath of the pro-slavery
element, ilenaced, he removed his press to Alton,
111., where it was seized by a mob and thrown
into the river. Citizens of Alton presented him
