LOVELL. 497 LOW. army, and from 1858 to 1861 was superintendent of street improvements and deputy street commis- sioner of Xew York City. In 1861 he entered the Confederate service; was made major-general, and served in command of the Department of the South, and afterwards in northern Mississippi, Georgia, and South Carolina. When the war was ended he retired to a plantation near Sa- vannah, and after a few years went to New York as assistant engineer to Gen. .John Xewton in removing obstructions to navigation at Hell Gate, East River. LOVEL THE WIDOWER. A novel by W. M. Thackeray ( 1861) . It appeared as a serial in CornhiU Muyazine. LOVEN, 16-van', Sven Ludvig (1809-95). A Swedish zoologist, born in Stockhohu. He graduated at Lund, and later studied at Ber- lin. In the interests of science he traveled through Norway, explored the coasts of Sweden and Finland, and in 1837 led the first scientific expedition to Spitzbergen. In 1841 he was ap- pointed professor and intendant in the State Museum of Natural History in Stockholm. He devoted liimself to the study of anatomy and physiology of sea fauna. His chief works are Etudes sur les echinoides (1875) and On Pourt- alesia. a Genus of Echinoidea (1883). LOVER, Samuel (1797-1868). An artist and author, born in Dublin. Ireland. February 24, 1797. He began his career as a miniature painter, and attracted considerable attention, especially by his portrait of Paganini exiiibited at the Royal Academy in 1833. He had by this time gained favor by several ballads, among which was the famous Rory O'More (1826). From songs he turned to sketches and novels of Irisli life, characterized by farcical humor. Among them are: Legends and Stories of Ireland, with etch- ings by the author (1831) : Rorij O'More. a Na- tional liomunce (1837), which was dramatized by himself and proved most popular on and off the stage; Handii Andy (1842) ; and Treasure Trove (1844). His success with the stage led him to write several plays; and he continued to com- pose verse, publishing Songs and Ballads (1839). In 1844 he devised an entertainment of songs, recitations, and stories, called "Irish Evenings,' which he performed with much success in Eng- land, Canada, and the United States. His last years were devoted mostly to song-writing. He died at Saint Helier's. July 6. 1868. Consult: Works, with introduction and notes by O'Donohue (6 vols.. New York, 1900), and The Novels, Irish Legends. Plays, and Poems of Samuel Lover, with an introduction by James Jeffrey Roche (Boston, 1902). LOVERE, 16-va'ra. A city of Italy. See ISEO, L.KE. LOVERING, liiv'er-ing, .Joseph (1813-92). An Aiiicrican scientist, bom in Boston. lie was educated at Harvard University, and in 1838 was made Hollis professor of mathematics and natural philosophy. This chair he held until 1888, when he was appointed professor emeritus, after fifty years' service in the faculty. He was acting regent of the university (1853-54) and succeeded Felton as regent. He was director of the .Jefferson Physical Laboratory from 1S84 to 1888. and was associated with the Harvard As- tronomical Observatory, especially in the joint observations of the I'nited States and the London Royal .Society on terrestrial magnetism. LOVER'S PROGRESS, The. A play by Fletcher and Massinger, printed in 1047. " The play, founded on Daudiguier's novel, Ly.iandre el C'aliste, was altered from one 'long since writ.' no doubt the Wandering Lovers, licensed in 1023. It is identical with Vleandcr, 1634, and was prob- ably entered in the Stationer's Register in 1053 under the title The Wandering levers, or the Painter. LOVE'S LABOUR'S LOST. A comedy by Shakespeare, printed 1598. The earliest of Shakespeare's dramatic works, it was written probably in 1590. The source is unknown, and the plot apparently not borrowed. The comedy was revised for a Court entertainment in 1597 as "A pleasant, conceited comedy called 'Love's Labour's Lost,' as it was presented before Her Highness this last Christmas. Newly corrected and augmented by W. Shakespeare." This proves that an earlier version existed, and is the first time that Shakespeare's name appears on the title-page of a play. LOVE'S LAST SHIFT; or. The Fool ix Fasiuo.x. a comedy by Colley Cibber ( 1695), of which Vanbrugh's ReUifise was an extension. LOVES OF THE ANGELS. A poem by Thomas Moore (1822). The subject is the same as Laniartine's "Chute d'un Ange." LOVE'S PILGRIMAGE. A romantic comedy by Fletcher, written probably in 1612, printed in 1647. The plot was taken from Cer- antes's novel Las dos duneillas. The first part is an alteration of .lonson's New Inn, and some help may have been given by Webster. Fleay considers the comedy the same as the History of Cardenio, or the lost play Cardano, which Bullen denies. LOW, S.MPS0N (1797-1886). An English publisher, born in London. In 1837 he was made manager of the new trade journal. The Pub- lisher's Circular, which became his own property in 1867, and which was the basis of his liritish Catalogue, beginning in 1853. His publishing house was opened in 1848. He compiled: Loir's Comparative Register of the House of Commoiis. 1S27 to 18',1, and 1S.',1 to JS.'i7 (2 vols., 1841 and 1847): an Index to Current Literature (1859- 60) ; and Low's Literary Almanack (1873). His two sons. Sampsox (1822-71) and William Henry (7-1881), both took an active share in the business of the firm. LOW, Seth (1850—). An American educa- tor and administrator. He was born in Brook- lyn; graduated at Columbia College in 1870, and after a short trip abroad, entered the tea and silk hou.se of A. A. Low & Brothers, founded by his father in New Y^ork. In 1875 he was ad- mitted a member of the firm, from which, upon its liquidation in 1888. he withdrew with a large fortune. In 1882 he was elected Mayor of Brook- lyn by a fair majority on an independent ticket. His "administration was characterized by his application of the civil-service system to city offices and the impartial maintenance of effi- cient service among appointees. In 1884 he was elected to a second term, which expired in 1886. In 1890 he was elected to succeed Dr. F. A. P. Barnard (q.v.) in the presidency of Columbria College. Not a trained scholar, nor an
