MADEIKA. 651 MADERNA. this being one of the chief rubber-producing re- gions in the world. The name Madeira, which means 'timber,' was given to the river on account of the great quantities of driftwood sent down by tlic current. MADEIRA ISLANDS. A group of islands in tile Atlantic Ucean, west of Morocco, forming a province of Portugal, under the name of Fun- chal (Map: Portugal, E 4). It consists of the island of Madeira, the small neighboring island of Porto Santo, and the islet of l3eserta Grande, the last of which, together with a number of mere rocks hardly worthy of the name of islands, is uninhabited. The area of the group is :il5 square miles, of which about 300 square miles are in- cluded in Madeira. The population is almost wholly conlined to the island of Madeira (q.v. ). Consult: Hartung, Geologische Beschreibitny der Insel Mudeira iind Porto Hanto (Leipzig, 1864) ; Schultze, Die Insel Madeira (Stuttgart, 1804); Johnson. Madcird, Its Climate and Heeneri/ (Lon- don. 188,5) ; Biddle, The Madeira Islands (Lon- don, 1900): Brown, Madeira and the Canary Islands icitli the Azores (London, 1001). MADEIRA NUT (Port., wood) . The Persian or Englisli walnut. See Walnvt. MADELEINE, mad'lan', La. A noted church in Paris, on the square of the same name. The work was intrusted to the architect Coutant d'lvry and the foundation was laid by Louis XV. in 1764. Upon the death of Coutant d'lvry in 1777 his succes.sor. Couture, changed the design, and sub- stituted the present plan. Work on the edifice was suspended at the Eevolution, and Xapoleon in 1807 decided to convert it into a Temple of Glory, under the architect Vignon. The original name was resumed in 1816, and after an interrup- tion due to the Revolution of 1830, the work was cnnipleted in 1832 by Huve, at a cost of .$3,000,- 000. The church has the form of a Roman Co- rinthian temple surrounded by columns, sixteen of which form the south portico. It stands on a basement 23 feet high, and is 354 feet in length, 141 in breadth, and 100 feet high. The tympanum of the south facade is filled with a relief by Lemaire, representing Christ as the judge of the world. The bronze doors. 34^^ feet high and 10 feet broad, are by Triqueti. The building has no windows and is lighted from above. On the ceiling of the choir is a fresco by Ziegler, the "History of Christianity." The church contains a number of large paintings and sculptures. The high altar, by Marochetti, rep- resents Mai-y JIagdalen borne to Paradise by two angels. MADELEINE, La. A prehistoric station near Tursac. in the valley of the Vez^re. Dor- dogne, France, from which the Magdalenian epoch was named. This epoch occurred near the close of the Paleolithic period, and was char- acterized by a cold, dry climate, the extinction of the mammoth, and the existence of man in association with reindeer. The habitations were rock shelters, caves, and open stations or villages on low ground and in the ancient tundras. Be- sides the bear, the fauna presents the curious mixture seen at this day on the Amur — tigers and panthers existing with reindeer, blue foxes, Arctic hares, and other polar species. The man of the Magdalenian period was of low stature (62. .5 inches), dolichocephalic, with low and retreating forehead and prominent brow Vol XII.— 42. ridges. He was a hunter and knew how to chip jdercing blades from flint, and the women were leather workers and seamstresses, for .-kin-scrap- ers and bone needles have been found in great abundance. The chief interest of the Magdale- nian man is his art. He could etch on bone and carve on reindeer antlers the animals with which he was familiar, producing his eifects by scratch- ing and scraping. The term Magdalenian epoch is applied to conditions and activities similar to those of La Madeleine ; among the stations of this class are Bruniquel. Cambous, Laugerie Basse, Lcs Eyzies, Chancelade, Chaleux, and Spy. MADELEINE, JIabie Axg£lique de Sainte. A prioress of Port Royal, celebrated in connec- tion with the Jansenist controversy. See Ab- NAULD, .JaCQUELIXE iLRIE. MADELON, mad'lox'. In Mol lire's Pre- eieiises ridicules, one of the characters who give the piece its name. She calls herself Polixena. MADEMOISELLE, ma'de-mwa'zel'. A local name about Pensacola for the fish 'yellowtail' (q.v.). MADEMOISELLE DE LA SEIGLIERE, d. la sa'glyfu'. A romance by .Jules Sandeau (1848), dealing with the relations between an emigre noble, the Marquis de la Seigli&re, and his former tenant. Stamply, who on the return of the Marquis restores his possessions, which had been sold during the Revolution. The plot is formed by the devotion of Stamply, unquestion- ingly accepted by the nobleman, the return of Stamply's son, who was believed to have been killed in battle, and his love for the daughter of the Marquis. A comedy based on the romance by Sandeau was presented in 1851. MADEMOISELLE DE MAUPIN, m6'p:lx'. A novel by Theophile Gautier I 183.5). As a work of art the romance is a masterpiece of literature, but its ethical attitude is in opposition to all moral standards. In it the author represents a girl who disguises herself in men's clothes and sets out to gain a wider knowledge of the other sex than is permitted by the laws governing social relations. In the outcome the heroine and liero, having learned to know each other, are separated. MADERNA, ma-der'na. Carlo (1556-1629). An Italian architect, born at Bissone near Conio. He was called to Rome as a youth by his uncle, Domenico Fontana the architect, to assist him in his work, and soon became widely known, and received the patronage of the Popes Clement ^"III. and Paul V. Under Paul he was ap- pointed architect of Saint Peter's, and pro- ceeded to complete it after his own designs. The Greek cross, which had been Michelangelo's plan, was altered to a Latin cross, and he lengthened the whole edifice, thereby destroying much of its harmony. His portion of the work was finished in 1012; the side porches were added by Bernini. Jladerna also erected the two great fountains of Saint Peter's. He grew in fame and fortune, and many works of importance in Rome were given to him. He designed churches and palaces in Spain and France as well as in other parts of Italy, but did his best work in Rome, .mong various notable edifices by him in that city are the Palazzo Mattel (1602). the Palazzo Odes- ealchi. the continuation of the Palazzo Quirinale,
