MANUAL TRAINING. 17 t!ie work did nut ii'ci'ic a placu in tlio course of study until 1888. In JSprinfificId, Mass., .sewing was introduced in the schools in 1.884. and in 1880 a manual traininj; school was established, at which pupils coming voluntarily from the ele- mentary schools received instruction in knife- work. " In 1885 the Legislature of New Jersey passed a law providing that the State would duplicate any amount l)etwccn $.500 and ifoOOO raised by a city or town for instruction in manual training. This led to the early introduction of the work in a utuiiber of places in various parts of the State. In 1888 the city of New York began the introduction of a manual training course of study, including drawing, sewing, cook- ing, and woodwork. All this early work was crude and experi- mental, and it was not tintil the influence ema- nating from the Sloyd School of Boston began to be felt that tool work for boys in the elementary school took oil a more definite character. A vital principle of the Sloyd work is the appeal to the interest of the worker through the con- struction of a finished object of definite use re- lated, generall}', to the needs of home life. This princi])le has gained general acceptance in the work of the elementary school, and has to quite an extent modified the character of the work done in the high schools. From the upper grades of the grammar school with the provisions for shopwork for bo_vs, and cooking and sewing for girls, hand work has made considerable progress in its way downward. Work in clay, paper, card- board, sewing, weaving, basketry, bent iron, and simple wood construction are the processes most commonly employed. Consult: Dewey, The School and Societij (Chi- cago, 1899) : .James, 7'«/A-s to Teachers on Fsi/chol- ogy (New York, 18!19) ; Parker, Ta}l;s on'l'cda- gogics (New York, 1894) ; Salomon, The Theort/ of Educational Hlogd (Boston, 1896) ; Ware, The Educational Foundations of Trade and Indus- try (New York, 1901) ; and the Proceedings of the National Educational Association. Data on the early history of the movement in the United States are contained in part ii. of the Report upon Education in the Industrial and Fine Arts in the United States, issued by the United States Bu- reau of Education. MANU'CHE, or MANXJCCI, Co.SMO. An English dramatist of the seventeenth century. It appears that he was aided in his literary en- deavors by James Compton, Earl of Northamp- ton, of whose retinue he was a member. During the civil wars he was successively captain and major of infantry, and afterwards he busied himself in the instructing of private pupils and the writing of plays. His poverty was somewhat relieved by application first to Cromwell, and afterwards to Charles II. Twelve plays, nine in manuscript and three printed, are generally as- cribed to him. There is no evidence that any was presented. One, The Just flcneral (16.52), de- scribed as a 'tragi-comcdy.' is written throughout in a peculiar rhythmical blank verse, scarcely dif- ferent from prose. Consult: Lamb. Specimens of the English Dramatic Poets (London, 1808; and subsequent editions) : Fleay. A Biographical Chronicle of the Enqlish Drama, 15.'J9-lG!i2 (Lon- don. 1891). MANtrCODE (Malay Manukderala, bird of the gods). The name originally given to the MANUEL II., PALiEOLOGUS. king l)ird-of-paradise, but now applied to certain Papuan birds probably not relatives of the Para- discidit at all. They have glossy, steel-blue plumage, and are rcnuirkable for their vocal powers. Lesson, Forbes, and other ornithologists assert that they are able to pass through every note of the gamut. Eight or ten species are known, of which ilanueodia viridis is common throughout the entire Papuan region. It is de- scril)ed by Wallace as being powerful and active, clinging to the smaller branches of the trees on which it finds the fruit that constitutes its food. MANUEL I., COMNE'NUS (1120-80). By- zantine Emperor from 1143 to 1180. He was the youngest son of the Emperor Calo- Johannes, whom he succeeded upon the throne. He became at once involved in an uninterrupted series of wars in Asia and Europe. In 1144 Ray- mond, Prince of Antioch, who had thrown olV the Byzantine yoke, was compelled to submit again to vassalage. In 1147 the Crusaders, un- der Louis YII. of France and Conrad III. of Germany, marched through jManuel's dominions without serious hindrance on his part, as he was at this time entangled in a war with Roger, King of Sicily. This eonttict proveil a long and ardu- ous one. For a time the Byzantine arms were victorious, but the fortune of war changed and no substantial gain resulted, ilanuel was en- gaged in protracted wars with the Seljuks, who in 1176 defeated his forces in a great battle at Myriocei)halon. He sought to drive Frederick Barbarossa out of Itah', but failed. He also waged war with the Hungarians and with the Venetians, being unsuccessful against the latter. He died September 24, 1180. The reign of Manuel was one of great splendor, but the expenses of the numerous wars and his policy of allowing the Italians to monopolize the trade sapped the strength of the Empire. Consult: Tafel, Kom- nenen und Xorinannen (2d ed., Stuttgart, 1870) ; Kap-Herr, Abendldndische Politik Kaiser Manuels (Strassburg. 1881) ; Finlay, History of Greece, vol. iii. (London, 1877). MANUEL II., PA'L^OL'OGUS (1348- 142.5). Byzantine Emiicror from 1391 to 1425. He succeeded his father, John V., as sole ruler after he had been an associate in the Empire since 1373. Fearing that Constantinople would fall into the hands of the Turks, Manuel applied for aid to the Western princes, whose army was defeated with great slaughter b.v Bajazet (q.v. ) at Nicopolis, in 1390. "in 1398 a nephew of Manuel with the aid of Bajazet rose in rebellion, and the Emperor was compelled to make him co- Emperor. He was known as .John VII. Manuel was in constant peril until Bajazet was defeated by Tiniur at Angora, in 1402. and taken prisoner. After the death of Bajazet in 1403 Manuel reigned in peace for eighteen years, for the young Sultan Mohammed I. was his intimate friend. But when in 1421 Mohammed died and Amurath II. came to the throne, the old contest was re- newed. In 1422 Constantinople was besieged, and although the siege failed, Manuel had to sign a humiliating treaty. He retired to a mon- astery in 1423, after a severe illness, his son .John VIII. becoming practically the sole ruler. Manu- el died in 1425. Consult Xivrey, "Sur la vie et les ouvrages de I'empereur ^Manuel Pali'ologue." in Mcmoires dc I'Acadcmie des Inscriptions, vol. xix. (Paris, 1853).
