MANUEL I. 18 MANUEL I., THE Gkeat (1469-1521). A King of Portugal, in whose reign that country attained the higliest ])iteh of power and splendor. He succeeded John 11. in U95, ruled throughout with the hel)) of the Cortes, and did much for art and letters by his generous |>atronage. The only hlot on his domestic administration was his persecution of the .Jews. But the ,>ame militant Christianity led him to attem])t conquests in Africa, in "which he was unsuccessful, to enter into diplomatic relations with many far-otV lands, and to tit out great expeditions of exploration and conquest. It was Manuel who sent Vasco da Gama around the Cape, Cabral upon the voy- age which resulted in the accidental discovery of ISouth America, Cortereal to Nortli America, and Almeida and Albuquerque to the East Indies, where a wide field was opened for Portuguese coimncrce. MANUEL, m.i'ni.i'el', Eugene (1823-1901). A i'rcMcli poet and prose writer, born in Paris of .lewish parents. From 1849 to 1871 he taught rhetoric in dillcrent Parisian lyceums. He was appointed chief of cabinet to the Minister of Public Instruction in 1871, a year later was made inspector of the Academy of Paris, and in 1878 inspector-general. With his brother-in- law, E. Li'vi-.Mvarf's, he published four volumes of lectures for the use of students, entitled La France (1854-55; Cth ed. 1868). Several of his ver.se collections were crowned by the Academy. They include: I'aycs inlimcs (3d ed.. 18(J9) ; Poi'mes jmpuldircs (1871): Pendant la yuerre (1871) ; I'n voi/aqc (5th ed. 1890) ; Pocnies du foyer et cfe I'c'col'e (IGth ed. 1892). His play Les ouvriers (1870) also received academic lion- ors, and Mme. Sarah Bernhardt made her first appearance at the Comedic Francaise in his drama L'abscnt ( 1873 1 . Manuel edited the (Euvres ItjrUiurx de Jean lla/itislc h'ousseau (1852) and Cht'nier's I'ocsies (1884). MANUEL, mil'ni.t'Al', Don Ju.N (1282-1349). A Spanish prince and author, born at Escalona. He was the nipbcw of .Mfonso X.. callcil 'the Wise.' His father died in his youth, and lie was brought up by his cousin. Sancho IV.. who was succeeded by Ferdinand IV. I'pon his death, Don Manuel was co-regenl for the young heir Alfonso XI. (1320). When the King reached his majority he refused to marry Ctmstance. the daughter of Don Mainiel. or in otlu-r ways recog- nize his authority. From 1327 to 1335 there was active war between them, ending in the King's victory. He afterwards received Don JIanuel into favor, and m:uh' him general-iii-cbief of tlie army against the .Moors. Don Manuel is bet- ter remembered now as author than as soldi<'r. His prose is clear, vigorous, and interesting. Several of his works may be found in Kiva- deneyra's Ifiblioleca dc aiilorrs inimiiDhs. vol. xi. (Madrid, 1884). The most important of them is the Conde Liicanor (1575). with a ecunmen- tary l)y (Jon/.alo .rgotc de Molina. This con- sists of forty nine stories, told somewhat in the Oriental manner, with a little moral in verse at the end of each tale. More modern editions of Kl Cnndf l.iirauor are those of Stuttgart (1839), Barcelona (1S53). and Madrid (1800). There is an English translation by .Tames York (Lon- don, I SOS and 1 888). MANUEL, inii'ni.iVd'. Nikolaus (1484-15.30). A Swiss painter, poet, and magistrate, born at MANUFACTURERS. Bern. His early profession was probably that of painter and engraver, and in his youth he traveled a good deal; and was a pupil of Titian at Venice. Uiioii his return to Bern he became a member of the Great Senate (1512), and after- wards served in the French Army. He was a pronounced supporter of the Swiss reformation. His writings include the satirical comedies: om Paps4 und seiner Priesterschaft, Dcr Ablass- kriimer, Barheli, and Elsli Tragdenknaben, re- edited by Tittmann in 18(iSand Bachtold in 1878. His works as an artist are very interesting; they consist of a few oil and water-color paintings, and a number of drawings, best stiulied in the Basel Museum. His frescoes, "The Dance of the Dead," liainlcd on the walls of the Dominican convent (1515-21) at Bern, were destroyed, but have been well copied in the twenty-four lithographs, 'Nik- laiis Maiiiicls Totcntnii::' (Hern, 1829-31). MANUFACTURED ARTICLE. A thing which has been created by the application of labor to crude materials, whereby they are trans- formed into a new and difl'erent quality, shape, or form, having a distinctive name, characte*-, or use, and capable of being used without alteration. The term is sometimes confused with manufac- tured 'products,' such as "pig iron' or 'pig lead,' which are merely iron and lead reduced from the native ores and freed from impurities, and which are, in law, considered as 'r;iw' or crude ma- terials, ready to be manufactured into articles. The word article, therefore, in its technical legal sense means a. tiling adapted for use. The dis- tinction between manufactured articles and crude or raw materials is of great imjiortance under tariir and revenue acts where the former are assessed with a higher rate of duty than the latter. The distinction above mentioned has been adopted by the United States courts in tlie interpretation of our tarifT laws. For example, india-rubber, which is a product obtained by re- ducing the juice or sap of certain tropical trees and plants to a solid form by dipping convenient molds into it, and drying it over a lire niaile from a peculiar kind of nut, was held not to be a manufactured article tinder a tarilV act tax- ing articles made of rubber. The court de- scribed it as a "raw material in a more portable, useful, and convenient form for other manufac- tures here." The court, however, held that rub- ber shoes, made by the same process, except that the mold was in the form of the human foot, were manufactured articles, as they were adapted for immediate use. Consult: Carr, Judicial Jii- U-rprclation of Tariff Acts (1894) ; Elmes, Law of ihe Customs : also the authorities referred to under Sai.E.S. MANUFACTURERS, Xationai, As.soci.v- TION OF. All association of .merican nuinufac- lurevs organized in Cincinnati in 1895 for the pur- poses of increasing their export trade, intlucncing legislation alTeeting their interests, and of co|)ing with the demands of labor organizations. The association maintains a cent nil otllce in Xew Y(U'k which supplies members with information .iboul foreign markets, prices, credit reports, and undertakes through its international freight bureau the shipment and delivery of foreign consignments. Its most conspicuous function is the energetic campaign which it wages against radical legislation and tra<le unionism. The pub- lic measures with which the association has been
