MAKCH. 45 MARCHESI. river of Moravia (Map: Austria, E 2). It rises in till' Sudctic Jlouiitaiiis (in tln' honndarj' of .Sili'sia, and runs soutlnvanl, forniinj^ in its lower course the boundary between Austria and Hun- gary, and entering the Danube 2(j miles cast of Vienna, after a course of about 217 miles, for the last 80 of which it is navigable. See Marchfelu. HAUCH (Fr. marche, from miirchcr, to walk, maieli, probably from OF., Fr. marche, lioundary; or possibly from Lat. marciis, hanuner; connected with Skt. mar, to gi'ind, on account of the beat of the feet). A musical composition having primarily for its object to regulate the steps of a large number of persons in motion. Even in remote antiquity, solemn processions were al- ways accompanied by music. In the Greek tragedy the entrance as well as the exit of the chorus was so accompanied. The military march undoubtedly was developed from soldiers' songs. The ordinary march used for parades, drills, etc., has about 75 steps to the minute, the quick-step about 100, and the dotdile quick or cliarge about 120. The march as an art form was developed from the dance forms during the seventeenth cen- tury. Lully in his operas and F. C'ouperin in his piano works established the march form as con- sisting of two reprises of eight or sixteen meas- ures. To this was added, somewhat later, a por- tion distinguished by repose and broad melodic outline, generally in a closelj' related key. This was called the trio, because at first it was in three-part writing as against the two-part writ- ing of the first section. After the trio the first section is re|)cated. To-day the art form of the march is highly developed and employed on vari- ous occasions. A special kind of march is the funeral march. It is written in very slow time (grave, lento, adagio), and always in the minor mode. The trio is in the relative or correspond- ing major. Beethoven's great funeral march in the Eroica Symphoiui is in C minor with trio in C major; Chopin's funeral march in the Sonata op. 35 is in B flat minor with trio in D flat major. MARCH, ArsiAs ( ?-c.l458). A Catalan poet, born in A'alencia, probably before the end of the fourteenth century. He was admired and praised not only by his fellow citizens in Catalonia, but also by noted Spanish authors. In March's chief works, the Cants d'amor and the CaniK de mort, he is visibly under the influence of Petrarch, as are so many of his contemporaries. He avoided all close imitation, however, and may safely stand on his own merits. Liveliness of fancy and genuine- ness of sentiment are among his best traits; his chief defect is a certain obscurity of expression. Consult the edition of his poems bv Pelavo y Britz (Barcelona. 18(14). and that of Barcelona, 1888, neither of them a good reproduction of the six- teenth century editions; .7. Rubio y Ors, Akkihs March y su dpoca (Barcelona, 1802) ; A. Pag&s, '■Pocumcnts in<^dits relalifs h la vie d'Aiisias March." in the Romania, vol. xvii. (Paris, 1888). MARCH, Francis Anprew (I82.'i— ). An American philologist and author, born at Mill- bury, jlass. He graduated in 1845 at Amherst. where he was tutor in 1847-49, and, after study- ing law in New York, was in 1850 admitted to the bar. Havinc taught at Fredericksburg. Va,, from 1852 to 1855, he was appointed tutor in Lafayette College in the latter year, and in 1858 became professor of the English language and comparative philology. In 187.3 he was elected president of the American Philological Associa- tion, and in 1891 succeeded .lames Kussell Lowell as president of the Modern Language Association of America. Foreign societies have honored him with various distinctions; and in 1879 he was chosen to be the head of the American staff of A New Eiiylish Diviiuitary on llisliiricnl Princi- ples, prepared under the direction of the Philo- logical Society of London. His publications in- clude: A Method of Philosophical l<tudy of tin: EnylisJ^ Languayc (18(15); Anylu-Haxon Header (1870); and Comparative Grammar of the An- glo-Saxon Lancjuaye (1870). He also edited a series of text-books of Greek and Latin authors, and was consulting editor of the standard Dic- tiouarij (1890-94). MARCHAND, m-ir'shaN', Fl^iLix C.AnRiEL (1832—). A Canadian statesman, born at Saint John's, Quebec. He studied at Saint Hyaeinthe College, and was admitted a notary in 1855. In 1867 he W'as elected a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Queliec, and from 1878 to 1879 was Provincial Secretary. From 1887 to 1892 he was Speaker of the Assembly, and in 1897 was appointed Premier and Treas- urer. In 1800 he established Lc Franco-Ganadien, which he edited for some time. Ho wrote: Fatenville (1869); Erreur n'est pas comple (1872) ; Un bonhciir en attire un autre (1884) ; and Les faux brillants (1885). MARCHAND, Jeai^j Baptiste (1863—). A French officer and explorer, born at Thoissey, Ain. His explorations in search of an improved route to the Gulf of Guinea from the valley of the Niger resulted in a scheme for the Transnigerian Rail- way between the Bandama and Niger rivers. In 1898 he established on the White Nile the post of Fashoda, which resisted attacks from the Dervishes, but found a more formidable foe in General Kitchener with British forces fresh from their victory over the Mahdi and determined to take possession of the country. Major Marchand refused to withdraw, and international complica- tions ensued ; but the afTair was settled when the French Government retired from the posi- tion while Marchand was on his way home to re- port. See Fashoda. MARCHENA, mar-chil'n:x. A town of South- ern Spain in the Province of Seville, sitiiated 28 miles east of Seville, on the railroad between Cadiz and Cordova (Map: Spain. C 4). It is a picturesque old town, partly surrounded by the grass-covered remains of Moorish fortifications, and contains a half-ruined palace of the dukes of Arcos, and two notable Gothic churches. In the neighborhood are sulphur springs; the sur- rounding region is fertile, growing fine olives. Population, in 1900, 12,255. MARCHES, The (It. Le Marche. the boun- daries). A name frequently occurring in Italian history as applied to a stretch of territory in the central part of the Peninsula, comprising the present provinces of Aneona, Ascoli-Piceno. Ma- cerata, and Pesaro e Urbino. MARCHESA COLOMBI. mar-k.n'za k.Vlrtm'- be. A pseudonym of the Italian author Maria Torelli-Torriani (q.v.). MARCHESI, mar-k:"i'z4, Mathilde, nfe Grau- MANN (1826—). A German-French singing teacher, born at Frankfort-on-the-Main. She
