MAKCHESI. studied under Nicolai in Virnnii. and with Man- uel Uarcia in Paris, afterwards aiiiM'arin"; as a concert sin;;er in Londun and on tlic I'on- tinent. Her voice was pleasiii<r. liit not remark- able. In 1852 she married Si^Micir Marclicsj and tau^lit sinfjin},' at the ienna Conservatory from 1854 to ISlil, after which she moved to I'aris and succeeded in niakin<; her salon one of the most important circles of musical life in the city. She taught at Cologne from 1805 to 1808, then at Vienna fen- a nundier of years, lint ulti- mately settled in Paris. Among her pupils were Tremelli. Caroline Sulla. Emma Sclnik-Proska, Gerster, Mclha. Kamcs. Calvf-. Sihyl Sanderson. Consult 11a vme, Marcliisi anil Munic: I'lLssagcs 46 MAKCHING. snow.' One of the commonest species in the I nitcd States is the white-winged hibio {Bihio albipinnis), which sometimes occurs in enor- mous numbers. The smallest forms belong to the genus Scatopse and breed in decaying animal and vegetable matter. MABCHIENNE-ATT-PONT, nuirshe'en'fi'- jiun'. a town in the Province of Uainault, Belgium, two miles west of Cliarleroi. on the Sambre River. It is an imi)ortant coal-mining centre. Population, in 1900, 18,401. MARCHING. One of the essentials to mo- bility and cireetiveness in the field is the ability of the sohlier to carry out long marches with a from ihc Life of a Famous Singer (New York, minimum of fatigue. To this end his ])hysical laiiai development is advanced by various systems of 18!t8) MARCHESI, PompeoCavaliere (1780-1858). All Italian sculptor. He was born at Saltrio, near Milan. August 7, 1780. and studied at Rome under Canova. He was professor of sculpture at Uie Academy of Milan for many years. Among his earliest works are the relief sculptures "Terp- Bichore" and "Nenus I'rania" for the Simplon Arch and the colossal statue of King Charles Km- maniid in the Cathedral at Turin. His later works in<lude the sitting statue of (ioethe for the Frankfort Library: a statue of Kmpcror Fran- cis 1. of Austria for Gratz, and another for the Hofburg in Vienna. One of his best works is physical e.xercise, both in the gymnasium and on the drill ground; while equal inijinrtance is at- tached to foiit-driH, to injure |)rc(isiriii and regu- larity of step. Througluiut the world drill evo- lutions and all ceremonial exercises are carried out in cadenced step. On the mardi. troops are frequently allowed to lireak or march in route step. Units of organization are kept intact as much as possible: the cavalry belongs in front, and the engineers and bridge-train must also be well advanced in the column; the field artillery is needed early, but it also requires piiilection, therefore no general rvile as to its )iro|)cr position can be given: the circumstances must decide. the colossal group for the Church of San Carlo rj-j^^ artificry of position is in the main column at Milan, in which is the figure of the famou "Mater Dolorosa;" also important is the sepul- chral monument for Duke Emmanuel Phililx'rt of Savoy 1184:!) in the Turin Cathedral. He died at Milan, February fi, 1858. MARCHETTI, miir-ket'tA, Fii.i.iiTO (1835- I'.tOi). .
Italian composer, born in Holognola.
His principal work, (liuliclta c liomro, first pro- dueeil at 'i'riest in 1805. and afterwards »l l.a Scala. Milan, was the corner-stone of his reputa- tion as a composer, after wliidi time A'li// llliis ( 1809) was his only conspicuous success. In 1881 he was appointed Director of the Royal Academy of Saint Cecilia, Rome. His com- positions include considerable chamber music, be- sides several symphonies, choruses, and a few- masses. MARCHFELD, uilirK'feU. A large plain on the north bank of the Danube, opposite Vienna. It is bounded on the east by the river March. It contains (Uily a few villages. Uecause of the physical eharacleristics. this has been a noted battle field. Here Marcus Aurelius contended with the Mareomanni. In l-'(iO King Ottokar of liohcmia defeated Hela IV. of Hungary on the Marelifcld. On the same ]dain in 1278 Ottokar was defeated by Hudidph of llapsbuig anil slain. In modern times the most imiiortant battles fought on the Marehfeld were those of Asperii (q.v.l ami Wagrani (q.v.) in 1800. MARCH FLY. Any one of the dipterous in- sects of the family Ribionidic. so called because these Hies are most common in the early spring. They are of medium size, rather thick-bodied and rather hairy, but they are weak fliers. The wings are frequently fuscous. More than 300 species are known. The larvie feed upon exere- menlal or vegetable substances, and are supposed to attack the rf«>(s of growing grass. The larvie of »ome species have been found on the surface of it the end of which march the ammunition col- umns, and finally the train. If an army corps inarches on two roads, each division may be fol- lowed by a ])ortion of the amniunitioii columns and the train. The average march of infant ry is a mile in from IS to 20 minutes, and an average of 14 (U- 15 miles a ilay , which in extreme emergency could be increased to :i8 or 40 miles in from 28 to ,30 hours. I'nder fair to good conditions, cavalry usually a(c()iiii)lisli from .30 to .38 miles in a day of 24 hours — several days in succession; doing 15 minutes at the walk, and 45 at the trot, the average inarch of 14 or 15 miles a day being accomplished in three hours. Artillery consume four hours in accomplishing the same result, and the train five hours. The average European in- fantry division at war strengtli. marcliing on a single road, and observing the usual distances, would occupy a length of lO'^, mill's, and would take 4 hours and 10 minutes to pass a given point. Under the same conditions an army corps occupies a stretch of nearly 24 miles, and takes 0'V| hours to pass. The shortest or most direct road is given to infantry, the best to artillery, and the softest to cavalry — when conditions per- mit. Halts are as a rule governed by conditions, and are regulated under ordinary conditions either by lime or distance. The United States infantry drill regulations prescribe a halt of 15 minutes after the first 45 minutes' marching, to enable the men to relieve themselves and to ad- just their clothing and accoutrements. After- wards there is a halt of 10 minutes every hour. If marching in the vicinity of an enemy the march is made in several columns, avoiding ex- treme depth, and facilitating de]iloynieiit. Strag- glers are picked up by the |irovost -guard, which marches in the rear. The following table gives in round numbers the rate of marching in the leading armies of the world:
