MARGARET TUDOR. 54 MARGHERITA. MAR'GARET TU'DOR ( 14S1I-1541). The wife of the Scottish King James IV. (q.v.). She was born at Westminster, November 20, 1480, the daughter of Henry VII. by Elizabeth of York. She was married after considerable negotiation to King .lames IV. of Scotland on August 8, 1503. She played a considerable role in the shifting politics of her time, especially after the death of her husband in 1513, but her importance to posterity consists chiclly in the fact that from her James" VI. of Scotland derived his claims to the English throne, which he ascended as James 1. (il England in 1U03. MARGARIC ACID (from Lat. margarila, from (;k. iiapyapiTi]!, maryaritfs, pearl, from ftdpyapot, iiKiriiurijs, pearl-oyster; so called from being deposited as pearly scales during cool- ing in alcohol in which it has been dissolved), C',,Hj,C0011. An artificial solid fatty acid, sim- ilar to stearic acid and melting at about (iO" t'. It is said to occur in adipocere. An acid having the same molecular composition as margaric acid, but melting at a somewhat lower temperature (55° C), has been found in the seeds of Datura Stramonium, Linn*;, and is therefore named daturic acid. The name margaric acid was for- merly applied to a mixture of palmitic and stearic acids that occurs in certain natural prod- ucts. The fact that this substance was a mi.x- ture, and not a dclinile chemical com])ound, was demonstrated by lleintz. MARGARITA, miir'ga-re'tii. An island in the (■:irilibi':iii Sea close to the coast of Venezuela, to which country it belongs, constituting since 1001 the State of Xueva Esparta (Map: Vene- zuela, El). It is situated on the meridian of Ciiman/i, and is about 45 miles long and from 5 to 20 miles broad, with an area of 450 square miles. It consists of two mountain ranges, one of them over 4000 feet high, which are separated by a low isthmus surrounding a central lagoon. There is a little agriculture and cattle-raising, but the principal industries are fisheries and the ]U-odueti<)n of salt. Formerly there were valu- able pearl fisheries, whence the island received its name, which means 'pearl.' The population is about 40.000. mostly civilized Indians. The capi- tal of Nueva Esparta is Asuneito. The island was discovered by Columbus in 1498. MAR'GARITE (OF. marguerite, Fr. »ia»-- garilr, nnirin" ril<; pearl, from Lat. margarila, pearl I. or I'karl Mr a. . hydrated calcium- aluminum silicate that crystallizes in the mono- olinic system. It is of a light gray, red. or yel- low color, and is foimd associated with corun- dtim, especially in the emery deposits in Asia Jlinor and the islands of the (irecian Archipel- ago; also in Chester. Mass., I'nionville, Pa., and various localilie-. in Xnrth Carolina. MAROARITONE D'AREZZO, miir'giir*- to'nft dft-re't.sfl (e.l23e-80). The earliest jiromi- nent Tuscan painter after Ciunta I'isano. Jle was a native of Arezzo. Italy. His frescoes in San Clemente at Arezzo have perished, but his Madonna and his Cnu'ifix at San I'"ran<Tsco. his altar-piere at the National Callerv, and his vari- ous portraits of Saint Francis, show crude color, childish drawing, and lack of life; he was a representative of the end of the IlaloHvzanllne decline rather than a herald of the C^iottesque revival. Portraits of Saint Francis were his favorite theme ; several remain, both signed and un>igned, in the Vatican, at Siena, Florence, i'isa, Castiglione, and elsewhere. Vasari's con- tention that he excelled as a sculptor and archi- tect is open to doubt, as the works he attributes to him — the Church of San Ciriaco at Ancona and the monument of Gregory X. at Arezzo — are not of his age or manner. MAR'GATE. A popular watering place in the Isle of 1 hanet, Kent, England, 70 miles east- southeast of London (ilap: England, H 5). It has important fisheries, but is more noted for all the usual resources of a watering place, theatre, baths, libraries, zoological gardens, esplanade, etc. It is the great resort for Londoners. The shore, covered with fine, firm sand, afl'ords good sea-bathing, and there are many pleasant walks along the sands and clifl's, and inland. The town owns its water supply. Its ancient name was Meregate — the gate to the sea. Its interesting ])arish churcli was founded in 1050. Population, in 1801. 18,000; in 1901, 23,000. MARGATE FISH, or ilAKGARET Grunt. A food fish (Hamulun album), one of the grunts or roncos of the (iulf of ilexico and southward, where it is common in water of moderate dcptli, and reaches a length of two feet or more. It is white, with olive-colored back and fins and in- distinct spots ; the mouth is orange. In some places no one will eat it, but at Pensacola and Key West, and in Xassau and other parts of the British West Indies, it is commonly sold in the nuirkcts. fre(iuently under the name 'porgv'.' MARGAY, miir'gA (Brazilian name). A wild eat (Fclis tigriiw) of the forested parts of tropi- cal America. The animal is so variable in size, color, and markings that several species have been described from its varieties. It seems to difl'cr little from cats generally in its habits, and occasioiuilly is domesticated. MARGELAN, miir'ge-liin'. Old and Xew. Two towns in the Territory of Ferghana, Rus- sian Turkestan (Map: Asia, Central. Ml). Old Margclan, about 40 miles east of Khokand. is an .siatic city, surrounded by a wall and con- taining mosques and bazaars, etc. Popilation, in 1807. .3I!.502, mostly Sarts, Tajiks, and Jews. New Margclan. situated about 10 miles south of the old town, is the seat of tlie administration of the Territory, and had in 1807 a population of 8077, mostly Russians. MARGGRAFF, miir'graf, Hermann (1809- 04). . (;erm;in jioet and hinuorous author. He was br)rn at Ziillichau; studied at Berlin, and, devoting himself to journalism, lived and wrote in Leipzig. Munich. Augsburg, and Frankfort, finally settling in l^ipzig (1853) as editor of the lUiillir fiir litcrarixchc Vtitcrhaltung. He wrote the critical essay. Drutschlands jiirig.tir Littcratur und Kulfurcpoclic (1839): several plays; humorous novels, including .fuxtus und <'hni<io.<ilomu.i, Qchriidrr Prch (1840). Johanitci Uarhd (1841). and Fritz Brule} (18.->5): a bi- ography of Ernst Schuize (Leipzig, 18.55) ; Srhil- liiR und Krinirrn Frruiidsehaflshuiid (1S50); (ledirhlr (IS.") ; and lialladruchroiiik (1862). MARGHERITA (Maria Maroeif.rita Te- KE.'SA (IiovANNA OK Savoia) (1851 — ). Quccn Dowager of Italy, the daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa. She was married in 1808 to her cousin, Humbert, the Prince Royal, who suc- ceeded his father, Victor Emmanuel I., as King
