MARGHERITA. MABHEINEKE. of Italy, Jainiary 0, 1S7S, ami «lio was assas- siiiaU'if at Muii/.a on July 20, 1900. llcr charm of iiiaiiiicr and swoptnrss of disjiositiiiii made her fxtifiiii-ly iiuiiular in Italy. MARGIN BEAXS (OF. margine, from Lat. marijo. boundary). Transactions in which one person, in the character of purchaser, puts up collateral .security for the peiformance of his agreement to purchase. At times, they are legal transactions. l'"or example, a person employs a broker to purchase stock or other property for him. Not liaving the money with which to pay tlie price, the broker advances it. upon receiving from the buyer (his principal) the deposit of a specilied sum and an agreement that he (the broker) may sell the stock in case it depreciates so that the stock and margin are no longer ample security for his advance. Such a transaction is perfectly valid and enforceable at common law. By constitutional or statutory provisions in some of our States, however, even margin deals of that sort have been jnit under the ban and are void. In such jurisdictions the bu.ver may repudiate the agreement and recover from the broker any moneys put into his hands as a margin. The term is more frequently applied to con- tracts entered into, and deposits made, to dis- guise gambling transactions in stocks or in prop- erty sold for future delivery. Deals of this sort are illegal and void at common law. Not only is the contract itself unenforceable, but nego- tiable paper or other securities given as a part of the transactions are void, and property de- posited as .a margin may be recovered. Margin deals, which are in reality gambling transac- tions, are punishable in some of our States as criminal ofl'enscs. Consult: Mechem, The Law of Aficiicy (Chicago, 1889); Constitution of Cali- fornia. Art. 4. § 20; Sheeby vs. Shim. 10.3 Cal. Rep., p. 3-25. or .37 Tac. Rep., p. 31)3 (1894) ; Ir- win vs. Willard, 110 U. S. Rep. 499, or 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. UiO ( 1884). MARGITES, miir-ji'tez. A mock-heroic epic, ascribed to Homer by .ristotle, and by him con- sidered to be the germ of comedy. It has also lieen attributed to Pogres of Halicarnassus, the brother of Queen Artemisia. It describes the va- rious predicaments in which Margites. a foolish young fellow, who knew many things badly, was [daced. MARGOLIOUTH. miir-gr/li-nnt, D.win Sam- uel (IS.i8 — ). An English Arabic .scholar, born in London. He studied at Winchester and New College. Oxford, was fellow of New College ( 1881 ). and in 1889 became Laudian professor of Arabic at Oxford. Sinniltaneously he held the post of assistant keeper of Oriental books and manuscripts in the British Museum. Among his publications are; Anahcta Oricntalin ad Poeti- cam Aristoteleam (1888) ; Jepheth Brn Eli, Com- mrntriri/ on the Book of Daniel (1889) ; Arabic Papi/ri of the Bodleian Libranj (1893) ; Chresto- malhiii Baidawiana (1894): Letters of Abul 'Ala (189S) : and Lines of Defense of the Bibli- cal Rrrrlation (1900). MARGRAVE (Ger. Markgraf. border-count). In early medi;eval times the military ehieftains or guardians to whom was intrusted the defense of the border, with the government over such frontier provinces, known as marks or marches. In Continental Europe these margraves at first held their offices only during life, but as they became more independent and powerful, their positions and titles became vested in the same line, and they were establishad as a powerful hereditary order of nobility. In England the lords or wardens of the marches were appointed to guard the frontiers of Wales and Scotland, and the office was long regarded as special or tem- porary: the term marquis was not applied to the office until 138.5. See Graf; Mark; ALvr- QUIS. MARGRY, miir'gre', Pierre (1818-94). A French hi-storian, born at Paris. He became a.s a young man adjunct curator of the archives of the department of the Minister of Ma- rine, and in 1842 was intrusted with the task of studjing the colonial history of France in America. Among his works are: La na- vigation du Mississippi et les pricurseurs de Fulton aux Etats-Vnis (1859); Les Normands dans les vallees de I'Ohio et du Mississippi (1860); Les navigateurs frangais et la revolu- tion maritime du, XlVeme aii XVIeme siecle (1867); Relations et memoires pour servir A Vhistftire de la France dans les pags d'outre mer (1867) ; Les seigneurs de la Martinique (1879) ; Deeouvertes et etablissements des Frangais dans I'Amerique septentrionale (1879-88); and Le conqu^rant de& lies Canaries (1880). He edited Les souL-enirs d'un homme de lettres, based on Augustin Jal's manuscripts ( 1877 ) . MARGUERITE. A garden plant. See CllRYSANTHEMlM. MARGUERITE, or MARGARET. The prin- cipal female character in Goethe's Faust. MARGUERITTE, mar'g'-ret', Paul (1860 — ). A French novelist, born at El Aghuat, in Algeria. His early work was naturalistic, minute in observation of common life, but preserving an artistic sense and showing a tendency to introspective reverj'. Characteristic of this first period are Tons quatre (1885); La con- fession posthume (1886); and Maison ouverte (1887). With ripening talent his art was dig- nified by a deeper sense of the responsibilities of literature to morals. He has become one of the most purposeful of the younger school of French novelists. This change appears in Pascal flcfo.sse (1887). and grows more defined in Jours d'cpreuve (1889); La force des ehoses (1891); Le cuirassier blanc (1892) ; Ma grande (1893) ; La tourmente (1894); Fors I'honneur (1895); the short stories contained in Simple histoire (1895); L'essor (1897); Le ddsastre (1897); Trongons du glaive (1900); and Fenimcs nou- velles (1900), the last three written in collabora- tion with his brother Victor. In all these the style is nervous, sometimes crude, but showing a growing delicacy and tenderness of sympathy, a patriotic eflfort to rouse and fortify the national will. Especially in the later novels there is a virile grappling with the problems of duty. Con- sult: Lenialtre. Contemporains. vol. v. (Paris, 1886 et seq. ) ; and Pelli.ssier. Essais de litfSra- ture contemporaine (Paris. 1893). MARHEINEKE, miir-hl'np-kr, PniLiPP KoN- RAi) (17S0184()). A Gerniiin theologian. He was born at Hildcsheim, May I, 1780; educated at Giittingen ; became repetent there 1804; pro- fessor extraordinary of theolog;- at Heidelberg, 1805; professor ordinary there 1809: and in 1811 was called to the same position at Berlin and chosen pastor of the Church of the Trinity,
