Right, though acting occasionally with the Left. He had a decisive influence in bringing about French intervention in Italy and the restoration of Pius IX. to Rome. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly also, and for a time contrived, while he continued the same line of policy as regarded Church interests, to give a general support to the Government of Louis Napoleon. His first break with that Government was on the question of the proposed confiscation of the Orleans property, and after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851, the breach became irreconcilable. From that time he continued to be the implacable assailant of the arbitrary repression of public opinion which characterized the measures of Napoleon III. Failing of reëlection in 1857, he devoted himself thenceforth to literature, in which his eminence had been recognized by election to the Academy in 1851. Devoted son of the Church as he was, he clung to his early passion for freedom of thought, and took a pronounced position in favor of the view that the Papal syllabus of 1864 and the declaration of infallibility were both inopportune. He died March 13, 1870. Besides a large number of articles, he left many books of great interest, of which the following have been translated into English: Catholic Interests in the Nineteenth Century (1852); The Political Future of England (1856); Constitutional Liberty (1858); Pius IX. and France in 1849 and 1859 (1861); Pius IX. and Lord Palmerston (1863); Memoir of the Abbé Lacordaire (1863). Of these and other works a collected edition in French appeared in eight volumes (Paris, 1860-68). But to English readers he is best known by his brilliant series of historical studies, Les moines d'occident (5th ed. 1874-77), translated as The Monks of the West, from Saint Benedict to Saint Bernard (new ed. by Gasquet, London, 1895). Consult his Life by Mrs. Oliphant (London, 1872), and by de Meaux (Paris, 1897); also Lecannet, Montalembert d'après ses papiers et sa correspondance (ib., 1895-1901).
MONTALEMBERT, Marc René, Marquis de (1714-1800). A French general. He was born at Angoulême, entered the army at eighteen, and served in Germany (1733) and in Italy and Bohemia (1742). He wrote much on fortification after his election to the Academy of Sciences, and, in spite of opposition to his novel theories, was intrusted with the fortification of the island of Aix in 1779. He recognized the defects of the bastion system of defense in fortifications, and advocated the employment of casemates for protected gun fire. His theories were first adopted by Prussia, and formed the basis of what afterwards became known as the polygonal system of defense. He is also famous for his works: La fortification perpendiculaire (1776), and L'art défensif supérieur à l'offensif (1796). See Fortification.
MONTALVÁN, mōn′tȧl-vän′, Juan Perez de (1602-38). A Spanish dramatist. With the degree of doctor of theology, he joined the priestly Congregation of Saint Peter at Madrid. Already a successful dramatist at seventeen, he passed under the influence of Lope de Vega, who urged him to the composition of his Orfeo (1624), a work produced in competition with Jauregui's Orfeo. In the same year he produced some eight tales, which were translated into French and published at Paris as early as 1644. A prose work, the Vida y purgatorio de San Patricio (1627), deals with the familiar legend of Saint Patrick's Purgatory, and afforded the material whence Calderon was to derive his play on the subject. A collection containing tales and other compositions more or less dramatic in form is the Paratodos (1632). It is as a playwright that Montalván stands highest, ranking as one of the more important of the dramatists next in consequence to Lope and Calderon. He himself prepared two editions of his pieces, published in 1638 and 1639 and reprinted in 1652. The favorite among the dramas is the Amantes de Teruel. Selected plays of Montalván may be found in vol. xlv. of the Biblioteca de autores españoles.
MONTALVO, mō̇n-täl′vō̇, Garcia Ordoñez de. A Spanish author, who flourished in the latter part of the fifteenth century. To him is due the first Spanish version now extant of the famous romance of Amadis. Utilizing the material of previous writers, he prepared his version after 1492. The greater part of his work may have been mere translation from the Portuguese, but he also added matter of his own. In his own composition, the Sergas de Esplandian, he tells of Amadis's son. We know of Montalvo only that he was Governor of the city of Medina del Campo. Both the Amadis and the Sergas de Esplandian are published in vol. xl. of the Biblioteca de autores españoles. Consult: Baist on the Spanish Amadis, and K. M. de Vasconcellos on the Portuguese Amadis in their articles on Spanish and Portuguese literature in Groeber's Grundriss der romanischen Philologie, vol, ii. (Strassburg, 1900).
MONTANA, mōn-tä′nȧ (Lat., mountainous). Northwestern State of the American Union, lying between 44° 6′ and 49° (the international boundary) north latitude, and between 104° and 116° west longitude. It is bounded on the north by the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, and Assiniboia; on the east by the Dakotas; on the south by Wyoming and Idaho, and on the west by Idaho. Montana ranks third in size among the States of the Union. Its greatest length from east to west is along the 48th parallel, 540 miles; and its average width from north to south, 275 miles. Its area is 146,080 square miles, of which 770 square miles is water.
Topography. The eastern three-fifths of the State consist of rolling plains, lying at an elevation of from 1800 feet in the northeast to about 4000 feet among the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. These mountains take up the western portion. The Main Divide runs from Yellowstone Park for some distance along the southwestern boundary, after which it turns eastward, and then crosses the State obliquely in a northwest direction. The general elevation of its crest is about 6500 feet, and the peaks rise from 8000 to 11,300 feet. Mount Douglas represents the highest elevation of the State. Thus the range is considerably lower here and also less rugged than farther south in Wyoming and Colorado. great longitudinal basin separates the Main Divide from the Bitter Root Mountains, which form the western boundary, and whose crest lies throughout between 7000 and 8000 feet above the sea. The mountain region is diversified by numerous spurs, valleys, and outlying ranges.
Hydrography. The Main Divide separates the
