for the young, membership being limited to persons from sixteen to twenty-five years; a junior section includes those from thirteen to sixteen. There is a small membership fee for which is received the privilege of attending concerts and other entertainments, the use of the library in the evening, and admission to clubs and classes. The membership the first year was 4200. In 1890 the Drapers Company took the management of the educational work and two years later decided to contribute £7000 annually, while the Charities Commission give £3500.
The Maisons du Peuple of Belgium have a similar purpose. They are, however, an outcome of the socialistic movement for coöperative production. They provide a gathering place open to all, where concerts, lectures, and entertainments are given, and books and companionship can be obtained. They are the people's temples.
Jersey City, N. J., has a People's Palace in connection with the People's Tabernacle. A day nursery, baths, swimming tank, a gymnasium, industrial training, and amusements (bowling, billiards, theatricals, dancing) are provided.
The social settlement of to-day is a later development of the People's Palace idea. Institutions like the Educational Alliance and the University Settlement of New York City are organized to meet the need for a more intimate acquaintance with the home life and interests of the poor.
Bibliography. Besant, All Sorts and Conditions of Men (London, 1882); Century, 18, 163 (1890); Nineteenth Century, 27, 344; Contemporary, 51, 226; North American Review, 147, 56. For Maisons du Peuple, consult Halévy, Essais sur le mouvement ouvrier en France (Paris, 1901).
PEOPLE'S PARTY. See Farmers' Alliance; Populist Party.
PEO′RIA. One of the five principal tribes of the Illinois Confederacy. Their home territory was in central Illinois, about the lake of the same name. They shared in the swift decline of the Illinois tribes, largely brought upon themselves by the murder of Pontiac, and were soon reduced to a mere remnant. In 1832 they and the Kaskaskia removed to Kansas, whence in 1854 they again removed to the reservation in the northeastern corner of Indian Territory, where they still reside, confederated with the remnant of the Kaskaskia, Wea, and Piankishaw, the entire body numbering only 180, all probably of mixed blood. See Illinois; Kaskaskia.
PEORIA. An important manufacturing city and railroad centre, the county-seat of Peoria County, Ill., 160 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Illinois River, at the outlet of the expansion called Peoria Lake, and on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, the Chicago and Alton, the Chicago, Peoria and Saint Louis, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, the Iowa Central, the Lake Erie and Western, the Toledo, Peoria and Western, and other railroads (Map: Illinois, C 3). The city occupies an area of more than 8¼ square miles on a plateau, and is surrounded by a fine rolling country. There are 43 miles of paved streets (principally brick and asphalt), 50 miles of street railways, 75 miles of sewers, and a well-conducted system of parks and drives, the public park system comprising about 350 acres and including Glen Oak and Bradley parks. A soldiers' monument is among the attractions of the city, as is also a wagon bridge across the Illinois River. The city hall and court-house are handsome buildings. Peoria has a public library of 75,000 volumes and the Peoria Law Library, Bradley Polytechnic Institute, and Spalding Institute. It is an important commercial centre, controlling a large trade both by rail and river. It is also a great grain market, and its live stock and meat-packing interests arc extensive. The manufacturing establishments include distilleries, glucose works, strawboard mills, wagon works, malting houses, breweries, wire-fence works, a peanut-roaster factory, agricultural implement works, foundries and machine shops, lumber mills of various kinds, and flouring mills. In the production of high wines Peoria ranks first among cities of the United States, the output of its distilleries, according to the census of 1900, being valued at $26,792,000. A very small amount of whisky is made in Peoria, the high wines being sent to rectifying establishments to be changed into whisky. The government is vested in a mayor, elected every two years, a council, and in administrative officials who are all, with the exception of the treasurer, city clerk, city attorney, and police magistrate—these being chosen by popular vote—nominated by the executive, subject to the consent of the council. Peoria spends annually in maintenance and operation about $610,000 the principal items being $234,000 for schools, $80,000 for the fire department, $80,000 for the police department, and $37,000 for municipal lighting. The valuation of property (real and personal) is assessed at over $10,000,000. Population, in 1880, 29,259; in 1890, 41,024; in 1900, 56,100, including 8900 persons of foreign birth and 1400 of negro descent. Since the census of 1900, North Peoria, which had a population of 2358, has been annexed to Peoria.
In 1680 La Salle visited the site of Peoria and built near here Fort Crevecœur, which, however, was soon abandoned. Some time in the eighteenth century French traders settled here. In 1812 General Craig of the United States Army broke up their settlement, suspecting them of assisting the Indians. The present city really dates from 1819. In 1835 Peoria (named from the Peoria Indians) was incorporated as a town, and in 1845 it was chartered as a city. Consult Ballance, The History of Peoria (Peoria, 1870).
PEPI, pā′pē̇. The name of two Kings of Egypt of the Sixth Dynasty.—Pepi I., the greatest monarch of this dynasty, reigned for some twenty years about 2500 B.C. Memorials of him are found throughout Egypt from Elephantiné to Tanis, as well as in various mines and quarries. An inscription carved on the rocks of the Wādi Maghāra, in the peninsula of Sinai, records the fact that he sent an expedition thither in the eighteenth year of his reign, and there is other evidence of his military activity. An official named Una, in an inscription found at Abydos, relates that, at the command of King Pepi, he gathered an army, chastised the Bedouins of the Sinaitic peninsula in several expeditions, and conducted an expedition against a more distant Asiatic country, whose name has not yet been identified. Pepi was the founder of Memphis (q.v.), which took its name from the King's pyramid Men-no-fer, erected in the vicinity. This pyramid, which
