PINE INSECTS. 37 extent in the white pine. There are perhaps 20 more species of scolytid bark-beetles whieli have similar habits in connection with pine trees. Of the llatheaded borers of the family Bupr'stida; about 20 have been found to attack the pine, while rather more than 20 longicorn beetles of the family Cerambycidu' live in the larval state in the wood of the trees of this genus. The white pine weevil {I'ixsodcs sJrobi) lays its eggs in the bark of the topmost shoot of young trees. The larv;p mine in the wood and pith, causing the shoot to wither and die, thereby occasioning a crook or fork in the body of the tree at this point. It is fatal to the growth of these trees, and no competent remedy has been dis- covered. The pine moth of Nantucket (Uetinia frus- traiiM) , leferred to above, causes the death of pine trees in large numbers. The moth lays its eggs on the twigs and the young larva burrows into the wood, ultimately causing the death of the trees. Jlany insects affect the leaves of pine, in- cluding about a dozen sawllies. In the North- west a butterfly (I'icris mrii'ipia) laj's its eggs upon pine, and the larvie destroy the leaves. An- other butterfly [Thrclit Siphon) does similar work on the pines in Florida and Georgia. Two of the hawk-moths, Lipara Coinhycoides and Lip- ant pinetiim, feed in the larval state upon pine foliage: and the larva of the imperial moth ( /vV/c/fs iniperialis) has similar habits, ilany other caterpillars are also to be found doing simi- lar work. The larva of a curious little tineid moth ((Jrlichia piiiifolielta) mines in the pine-needles, and the larva of one of the gall-midges {Diplosis rcsiitirol(i) lives in the pitch which exudes from injuries to the pitch pine. Another gall-niidge {Diplosis pini-iigiila) makes small galls at the bases of the needle clumps. Several plant-lice and scale insects also feed upon the pine, the most notable being the pine-leaf chermes {Chcrmes. piiiifoliw) and the pine-leaf scale in- sect {Mi/tihispis pi»ifoIi<T) . the latter frequently covering pine needles in various parts of the United States with its minute white scales. Consult: Packard, Report on Iiisrrls Injurious to Forcsis (Department of Agricultvire. Washing- ton, ISnO) : Hopkins, Insect Enemies of the Pine in the Black Hills Forest Reserve (ib., 1902). PINEL, pc'nel'. Philippe (1745-1826). A 'Frencli physician : born at Saint Andr6, in the Department of Tarn. After receiving a classical training at the College of Lavour, he studied medicine at Toulouse, taking his degree in 1773. He continued his medical studies at Montpellier, and in 1778 removed to Paris. He applied him- self to the study of mental aberration, obtained a prize for his bonk on the subject, and was ap- pointed physician of the Bicctre (1792) and of the SalpetriJ're (a similar asylum, for females) in 179.5. In these institutions he won fame by recognizing insanity as a disease and replacinc the old barliarous methods of treatment with kinder and more humane methods. In the Sal- petrifre Pinel inaugurated the scientifie sttuly of insanity by commencing a class of clinical medi- cine, which he continued after his appointment to the chair of medical physics and hvgiene. and subsequently to that of p;ithologj', at the School of Jfedicine in Paris. He was admitted as a menilier of the Institute in 180.3. His most valuable works are the Traite midico-philo- PINEROLO. sophique sur I'ulienalion menlale (1801) and Lu nosugraphie philosophique (1798), with its eommentary, I,, .Vrthur Wing (185.5 — ). An English dramatist. He was bom in London, Jlay 24. 18.35, of .lewish ancestry on his father's side. He began his studies with a view to the practice of law, which he abandoned, however, and made his appearance as an actor at Kdin- burgh in 1874. Subsequently he was a member of the Lyceum company, and obtained vmder Henry Irving a practical experience in stage- craft which was of great value to him. About 1876 he made, with Tiro Can Plaii at That (lame, his first attempt at play-writing, to which after 1881 he devoted himself. His comedietta Tao Hundred a Year was produced at the Globe Theatre in 1877. In the long list of his later plays, which have been for the most part very successful, are: The iloneii Spinner (1880); The Hquire (1881) ; Lords and Commons (1883) ; The Rocket (1883) ; The Mafiistrate (1885; pub- lished, London, 1892) ; The< Schoolmistress (1880: published 1894); The Hobby Horse (1880: pub- lished 1892); Dandy Dick (1887; published 1893) : Sweet Larender (1888: published 1893) ; The Weaker Sex (1888: published 1894); The Profligate (1889: published 1891); The Cabinet Minister (1890; published 1892); Lad i/ Bounti- ful (1891: published 1892): T/ir .lmo:^f)H.s( 1893: ])ublished 1895) : The Second Mrs. Tanqueray (1893: published 1895): The yotorious. Mrs. Fbbsmith (1895; published 1895) ; The Benefit of the Doubt (1895; published 1895); The Princess and the Bultcrfli/ (1897: published 1898); Tre- lannci/ of the '•Wells" (1898; ptihlished 1899); The (lay Lord Quex (1899; published 1900); Iris (1901 : published 1902). Of his earlier pieces the most popular was perhaps the domestic drama called Sn-eet Larender. Pinero's greatest work, however, is considered to be The Second Mrs. Tanqueray. about which the battle of the critics has been waged over the fundamental questions of the problem play of modern society. Its cleverness and dramatic force make it an admirable example of its kind. PINEKOLO, pe'nfi-ro'l.'. (Fr. Pign^rol). A town in the Province of Turin. Italy, situated on a hill on the left bank of the Chisone. 22 miles southwest of Turin by rail (Map: Italy. B 3). It has an eleventh-century cathedral, a lyceum, a g^-mnasium, a technical institute, and a the-
